Nowadays the adhesion, between the textile reinforcing materials and the rubber in a tyre, is guaranteed by chemical treatment which includes Resorcinol and the Formaldehyde, the use of these molecules could be restricted due to their toxicity. For this reason, is necessary to find an alternative treatment to promote the adhesion between the two phases. Plasma treatment was chosen as environmentally friendly alternative treatment, a Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (in vacuum) of 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline resulted in a deposition of a plasma polymer on the surface of the sample. Specific adhesion tests demonstrated that the treatment, proposed in the thesis, has better performances in comperasion to the chemical treatment on PET monofilament cord (patent field on 06/2020). During the first year, the work was focused on the study and on the characterizations of polymeric fibers used as reinforcement; alternative characterizations on innovative yarns and cords construction were done: a new Pirelli proceeding for the measurement of the interlace was defined and the study of the hysteresis of cords of nylon was completed. A bibliography research on the plasma application to improve the adhesion of cords was completed and permitted to define the strategy: PE-CVD of 2.iox. During the second-year different plasma polymers, which differed for power and duty cycle, were deposited on PET sheets to find the most stable coating. The evaluation of the film composition was performed by different techniques: contact angle, profilometer, ATR-IR and XPS. On the sheets the adhesion was tested by the Peeling test which allowed to find the best plasma treatment to apply on the PET monofilament. At the beginning of the third year the coating, with the optimized plasma parameters, was deposited on the surface and a plasma pre-activation was added to improve the stability of the organic film with the fiber. The adhesion was measured by the evaluation of the coverage degree after a CRA test, the environmentally friendly plasma treatment promotes the adhesion, between PET mono and rubber, better than the chemical treatment. Detailed images of the coatings were taken by electric microscopy (TEM). During the last year I had the possibility to spend a period in Madrid (at UC3M), the studies were focused on the application of the plasma treatment (APPT and LPP) to improve the adhesion, of natural and inorganic fibers, with thermoplastic matrices for the preparation of composite materials. The effects of plasma treatments were evaluated by the contact angle and the measure of the surface energy, the adhesion of flax fibers and PBS matrix was improve by a APPT; the LPP on the carbon fibers improve the surface energy but does not promote the adhesion with a PA matrix. The experience terminated prematurely because of COVID-19 emergency.

Al giorno d’oggi l’adesione tra i materiali di rinforzo tessili e la gomma nello pneumatico è garantita da un trattamento chimico che prevede l’impiego di molecole il cui utilizzo potrebbe essere limitato a causa della loro tossicità, per questa ragione si è resa necessaria la ricerca di trattamenti adesivi alternativi. Nella tesi è scelto come trattamento alternativo una Plasma-enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (in vuoto) con la 2-isoprepenil-2-ossazzolina (2-iox) come monomero, il risultato di questo trattamento è la deposizione di un film sottile sulla superficie del materiale trattato. I trattamenti a plasma hanno poco impatto ambientale, per la bassa quantità di reagenti utilizzati e il non impiego di solventi. Test specifici di adesione hanno dimostrato che il trattamento proposto in tesi, applicato su un monofilo di PET, garantisce le stesse prestazioni dell’adesivo RFL utilizzato industrialmente (brevetto depositato nel 06/2020). Durante il primo anno di dottorato il lavoro è stato focalizzato sullo studio e sulle caratterizzazioni delle fibre polimeriche come materiali di rinforzo; sono state portate a termine caratterizzazioni alternative con la definizione di una nuova specifica Pirelli (calcolo dei nodi) e lo studio dell’isteresi di filati ibridi di nylon. Parallelamente all’attività di caratterizzazione, svolta presso i laboratori Pirelli, è stato portato a termine uno studio bibliografico sull’applicazione della tecnologia a plasma sulle fibre di rinforzo dello pneumatico. Il lavoro di analisi e lettura di brevetti e articoli ha permesso la definizione della “strategia” e del trattamento a plasma da applicare sul materiale: PE-CVD. Durante il secondo anno il trattamento è stato messo a punto depositando coatings, con Potenza e Duty Cycle variabili, su lastrine di PET al fine di cercare il plasma polymer più stabile. La caratterizzazione superficiale è stata portata a termine grazie all’utilizzo di diversi strumenti di analisi: angolo di contatto, profilometro, ATR-IR e XPS. La valutazione del coating è stata fata tramite un Peel test effettuato con un dinamometro. All’inizio del terzo anno i parametri ideali del trattamento sono stati definiti e la PE-CVD è stata effettuata sul “materiale finale”: il monofilamento di PET. L’adesione è stata valutata col CRA test, eseguito con dinamometro, e la valutazione del coverage con microscopia ottica. Immagini più dettagliate sono state raccolte con la microscopia elettronica (TEM). L’ultimo anno ho avuto la possibilità di svolgere un periodo di ricerca all’estero (UC3M de Madrid), durante questo periodo ho applicato la tecnologia a plasma (APPT e LPP) a fibre naturali e sintetiche, al fine di migliorare l’adesione tra queste e differenti matrici polimeriche. La valutazione dell’adesione è stata fatta con la misura dell’angolo di contatto e test di trazione e flessione con dinamometro. Il trattamento APPT ha permesso di aumentare l’adesione tra fibre di lino e PBS, il trattamento LPP, pur avendo aumentato l’energia superficiale di fibre di carbonio, non è stato sufficiente per aumentare la bagnabilità della PA sulle fibre sintetiche. L’esperienza si è dovuta interrompere anzitempo a causa dell’emergenza COVID-19.

(2021). Plasma technology application on tyre reinforcing materials. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).

Plasma technology application on tyre reinforcing materials

GAIFAMI, CARLO MARIA
2021

Abstract

Nowadays the adhesion, between the textile reinforcing materials and the rubber in a tyre, is guaranteed by chemical treatment which includes Resorcinol and the Formaldehyde, the use of these molecules could be restricted due to their toxicity. For this reason, is necessary to find an alternative treatment to promote the adhesion between the two phases. Plasma treatment was chosen as environmentally friendly alternative treatment, a Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (in vacuum) of 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline resulted in a deposition of a plasma polymer on the surface of the sample. Specific adhesion tests demonstrated that the treatment, proposed in the thesis, has better performances in comperasion to the chemical treatment on PET monofilament cord (patent field on 06/2020). During the first year, the work was focused on the study and on the characterizations of polymeric fibers used as reinforcement; alternative characterizations on innovative yarns and cords construction were done: a new Pirelli proceeding for the measurement of the interlace was defined and the study of the hysteresis of cords of nylon was completed. A bibliography research on the plasma application to improve the adhesion of cords was completed and permitted to define the strategy: PE-CVD of 2.iox. During the second-year different plasma polymers, which differed for power and duty cycle, were deposited on PET sheets to find the most stable coating. The evaluation of the film composition was performed by different techniques: contact angle, profilometer, ATR-IR and XPS. On the sheets the adhesion was tested by the Peeling test which allowed to find the best plasma treatment to apply on the PET monofilament. At the beginning of the third year the coating, with the optimized plasma parameters, was deposited on the surface and a plasma pre-activation was added to improve the stability of the organic film with the fiber. The adhesion was measured by the evaluation of the coverage degree after a CRA test, the environmentally friendly plasma treatment promotes the adhesion, between PET mono and rubber, better than the chemical treatment. Detailed images of the coatings were taken by electric microscopy (TEM). During the last year I had the possibility to spend a period in Madrid (at UC3M), the studies were focused on the application of the plasma treatment (APPT and LPP) to improve the adhesion, of natural and inorganic fibers, with thermoplastic matrices for the preparation of composite materials. The effects of plasma treatments were evaluated by the contact angle and the measure of the surface energy, the adhesion of flax fibers and PBS matrix was improve by a APPT; the LPP on the carbon fibers improve the surface energy but does not promote the adhesion with a PA matrix. The experience terminated prematurely because of COVID-19 emergency.
RICCARDI, CLAUDIA
CARACINO, PAOLA
Pneumatico; Fibre di rinforzo; Trattamenti a plasma; Adesione; Materiali compositi
Tyre; Reinforcing Fibers; Plasma treatments; Adhesion; Materiali compositi
CHIM/05 - SCIENZA E TECNOLOGIA DEI MATERIALI POLIMERICI
English
19-feb-2021
SCIENZA E NANOTECNOLOGIA DEI MATERIALI
33
2019/2020
open
(2021). Plasma technology application on tyre reinforcing materials. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/308685
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