Both the popularisation and the academic scrutiny of modern forms of yoga are on the rise. On the one hand, yoga is increasingly pivotal to the internal articulation of fields as varied as the wellness and fitness industry and the nebula of disparate contemporary spiritualities. Its ubiquitous role and malleable nature foster the proliferation of different interpretations about the nature and purposes of what counts as “true” yoga. On the other hand, scholars have begun to competently examine the history, transnational developments, and popularisation of modern yoga, underlining its alignment with middle-class values and lifestyles and the neoliberal imperatives of self-care, self-growth and self-responsibility. However, what is largely missing from this contemporary scholarship is a detailed scrutiny of the pedagogical and apprenticeship processes through which yoga practitioners come to embody and socially reproduce the ethos of their groups and of the broader neoliberal order understood as a “principle of civilisation” (McGuigan 2014). This thesis postulates that modern forms of yoga are first and foremost disciplines and practices shaped by specific discourses (e.g., on health, self-realisation, truth, morality and so on), regardless of their deployment for therapeutic, leisure, spiritual or even religious purposes. Following this framework, the primary object of analysis is the social organisation of modern forms of yoga, focusing specifically on the pedagogies of salvation and the apprenticeship processes of two modern yoga groups: Odaka Yoga and Mooji’s teachings and his Portuguese ashram, Monte Sahaja. The former, founded in Italy in the mid-nineties, is an innovative style of postural yoga blended with martial arts elements. Its philosophical backdrops and practical repertoire are composed of a mixture of “exotic” resources such as Bushido, zen, yoga, and a constant reference to the ocean waves and biomechanics. The latter, is a neo-Advaita group organised around the internationally renowned, Jamaican born guru Mooji, whose core teaching postulates that a practitioner’s “true self” (atman) is the same as ultimate reality (brahman) and that the purpose of existence is to realise one’s own “god-self” (brahmajñāna, literally “god-realisation”). These teachings are chiefly transmitted through satsangs, Hindu-inspired congregational meetings where the teacher shares his message of salvation. Another element that this thesis addresses is the field of modern yoga research, or yoga studies, as a “discursive formation” (Foucault 1972 [1971]), that is, a collection of texts that constitutes – or contributes to the constitution – of a specific object of analysis. More specifically, the thesis focuses on the processes of discursive construction of “modern yoga” as an analytical category and the birth and development of “modern yoga research” as an autonomous field of study, thus conducting an archaeology of modern yoga research. Theoretically, this thesis merges Bourdieu’s praxeological and dispositional sociology with Foucault’s historical and discursive methodology, attempting to emphasise the mutually reinforcing and circular relationships occurring between practices and discourses as they unfold within specific pedagogical environments and relationships of apprenticeship. Methodologically, the empirical research relies on a multi-sensorial, carnal, and participatory approach to ethnography, including biographical interviews with yoga teachers, and discourse analysis of a variety of data sources such as schools’ websites, yoga magazines, and other promotional materials

Sia la diffusione che lo studio accademico dello yoga moderno sono in continua ascesa. Da una parte, lo yoga ha un ruolo sempre più importante nell’articolazione interna di campi sociali differenti come l’industria del benessere e del fitness e il groviglio delle spiritualità contemporanee. La sua ubiquità e la sua natura malleabile contribuiscono alla proliferazione di diverse interpretazioni circa la natura e lo scopo di quello che viene rispettivamente considerato di volta in volta il “vero” yoga. Dall’altra parte, gli studiosi hanno iniziato ad esaminare la storia, gli sviluppi transnazionali e la popolarizzazione dello yoga moderno, sottolineando le sue affinità con i valori e gli stili di vita delle classi medie e gli imperativi neliberali di cura di sé, crescita personale e responsabilità individuale. Ad ogni modo, alla letteratura corrente sfugge, in gran parte, uno studio dettagliato dei processi pedagogici e di apprendimento attraverso i quali i praticanti arrivano ad incorporare e riprodurre a loro volta, attraverso la pratica di yoga, il carattere dei loro gruppi di appartenenza e del più ampio ordine neoliberale inteso come vero e proprio “principio di civilizzazione” (McGuigan 2014). Questa tesi afferma che le forme di yoga moderno sono prima di tutto delle discipline e delle pratiche abitate da specifici discorsi (e.g., sulla salute, l’auto-realizzazione, la verità, la morale e così via), a prescindere dalla loro applicazione per scopi terapeutici, di esercizio fisico, spirituali o persino religiosi. Seguendo questo approccio, il primo oggetto di analisi di questa tesi è l’organizzazione sociale delle forme di yoga moderno, con una particolare attenzione alle pedagogie della salvezza e ai processi di apprendimento di due gruppi di yoga moderno: Odaka Yoga e gli insegnamenti di Mooji e il suo ashram Portoghese, Monte Sahaja. Il primo, fondato in Italia a metà anni novanta, è uno stile di yoga posturale innovativo e ibridato con elementi provenienti dalle arti marziali. Il substrato filosofico e il repertorio di pratiche di Odaka Yoga sono costituiti da un insieme di risorse culturali “esotiche” come il Bushido, lo zen, lo yoga, ed un rimando costante alle onde dell’oceano e alla biomeccanica. Il secondo, è un gruppo neo-Advaita formatosi intorno a Mooji, guru di origine Jamaicana e di fama internazionale, il cui insegnamento primario è che il “vero sé” (atman) del praticante è in continuità ontologica con la realtà ultima (brhaman), e di consequenza lo scopo dell’esistenza è la realizzarsi del proprio “sé-divino” (brahmajñāna, literalmente “realizzazione del dio”). Un altro elemento di analsi esplorato in questa tesi è il campo di studi noto come modern yoga research, o yoga studies, teorizzato come una “formazione discorsiva” (Foucault 1972 [1971]), ovvero un insieme di testi che costituiscono – o constribuiscono alla costituzione – di uno specifico oggetto di analisi. Più in particolare, la tesi si concentra sui processi di costruzione discorsiva dell’espressione “yoga moderno” in quanto categoria analitica e sulla nascita e sviluppo del campo di studi “modern yoga research” come un area disciplinare autonoma. L’apparato teorico di questa tesi unisce la sociologia prasseologica e disposizionale di Bourdieu con la metodologia storica e discorsiva di Foucault, cercando di enfatizzare le relazioni circolari e di influenza reciproca che intercorrono tra pratiche e discorsi nel loro naturale dispiegarsi all’interno di specifici contesti pedagogici e relazioni di apprendistato. L’apparato metodologico della tesi si basa su un approccio etnografico multi-sensiorale, carnale e partecipato, interviste biografiche ad insegnanti yoga e all’analisi discorsiva di un insieme di fonti come i siti internet dei gruppi studiati, riviste specialistiche, e altro materiale promozionale.

(2021). Pedagogies of Salvation: Discipline, Practice, and the Shaping of the Self. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).

Pedagogies of Salvation: Discipline, Practice, and the Shaping of the Self

DI PLACIDO, MATTEO
2021

Abstract

Both the popularisation and the academic scrutiny of modern forms of yoga are on the rise. On the one hand, yoga is increasingly pivotal to the internal articulation of fields as varied as the wellness and fitness industry and the nebula of disparate contemporary spiritualities. Its ubiquitous role and malleable nature foster the proliferation of different interpretations about the nature and purposes of what counts as “true” yoga. On the other hand, scholars have begun to competently examine the history, transnational developments, and popularisation of modern yoga, underlining its alignment with middle-class values and lifestyles and the neoliberal imperatives of self-care, self-growth and self-responsibility. However, what is largely missing from this contemporary scholarship is a detailed scrutiny of the pedagogical and apprenticeship processes through which yoga practitioners come to embody and socially reproduce the ethos of their groups and of the broader neoliberal order understood as a “principle of civilisation” (McGuigan 2014). This thesis postulates that modern forms of yoga are first and foremost disciplines and practices shaped by specific discourses (e.g., on health, self-realisation, truth, morality and so on), regardless of their deployment for therapeutic, leisure, spiritual or even religious purposes. Following this framework, the primary object of analysis is the social organisation of modern forms of yoga, focusing specifically on the pedagogies of salvation and the apprenticeship processes of two modern yoga groups: Odaka Yoga and Mooji’s teachings and his Portuguese ashram, Monte Sahaja. The former, founded in Italy in the mid-nineties, is an innovative style of postural yoga blended with martial arts elements. Its philosophical backdrops and practical repertoire are composed of a mixture of “exotic” resources such as Bushido, zen, yoga, and a constant reference to the ocean waves and biomechanics. The latter, is a neo-Advaita group organised around the internationally renowned, Jamaican born guru Mooji, whose core teaching postulates that a practitioner’s “true self” (atman) is the same as ultimate reality (brahman) and that the purpose of existence is to realise one’s own “god-self” (brahmajñāna, literally “god-realisation”). These teachings are chiefly transmitted through satsangs, Hindu-inspired congregational meetings where the teacher shares his message of salvation. Another element that this thesis addresses is the field of modern yoga research, or yoga studies, as a “discursive formation” (Foucault 1972 [1971]), that is, a collection of texts that constitutes – or contributes to the constitution – of a specific object of analysis. More specifically, the thesis focuses on the processes of discursive construction of “modern yoga” as an analytical category and the birth and development of “modern yoga research” as an autonomous field of study, thus conducting an archaeology of modern yoga research. Theoretically, this thesis merges Bourdieu’s praxeological and dispositional sociology with Foucault’s historical and discursive methodology, attempting to emphasise the mutually reinforcing and circular relationships occurring between practices and discourses as they unfold within specific pedagogical environments and relationships of apprenticeship. Methodologically, the empirical research relies on a multi-sensorial, carnal, and participatory approach to ethnography, including biographical interviews with yoga teachers, and discourse analysis of a variety of data sources such as schools’ websites, yoga magazines, and other promotional materials
NAVARINI, GIANMARCO CURIO
modern forms of yoga; social organisation; pedagogies of salvat; apprenticeship; discipline
modern forms of yoga; social organisation; pedagogies of salvat; apprenticeship; discipline
SPS/08 - SOCIOLOGIA DEI PROCESSI CULTURALI E COMUNICATIVI
English
25-feb-2021
ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROCESSES
33
2019/2020
open
(2021). Pedagogies of Salvation: Discipline, Practice, and the Shaping of the Self. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/306458
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