Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of cancer in children. About 80% of the cases arises from precursor B cells (BCP-ALL), which abnormally accumulate as a consequence of genetic alterations associated to differentiation inhibition and abnormal expansion. Despite the 85% survival rate, a total of 10-15% of patients retains leukemic stem cells and their progenitors in the bone marrow (BM), thereby relapsing following treatment cessation. The importance of BM microenvironment for cancer progression has been widely recognized in recent years. In this study, we aimed to identify the crucial pathways involved in the bi-directional leukemia-stroma cross-talk that could be an attractive target for future antileukemic therapy. We focused our attention on the characterization of ActivinA, a TGF-β family member, within the BM leukemic niche. Here, we identified ActivinA as a new crucial factor exploited by leukemic cells to create a self-reinforcing niche: indeed, this molecule was highly expressed in the BM plasma of leukemic patients. Furthermore, we reported that BCP-ALL cells, along with the highly pro-inflammatory environment of leukemic BM, induced a strong increase in the molecule secretion by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs). In accordance with its protumoral role in solid tumors, ActivinA strongly induced both random and CXCL12-driven migration of cells also in the context of BCP-ALL. We observed that ActivinA selectively stimulated these leukemic cell biological properties with a calcium- and actin polymerization-mediated mechanism as this molecule showed an opposite effect on Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). According to the literature, we found reduced CXCL12 levels in the leukemic BM, but ActivinA enhanced cell migration also towards suboptimal CXCL12 concentrations, suggesting a possible mechanism by which leukemic cells could persist in the BM niche, displacing healthy hematopoiesis. Our in vitro data about the pro-migratory and pro-invasive role of ActivinA were confirmed also in vivo. By using a xenograft mouse model of human BCP-ALL, we demonstrated the ability of ActivinA to enhance both BM engraftment and metastatic potential intro extra-medullary sites of leukemic cells. Notably, the regulation of calcium influx and cytoskeleton organization by ActivinA is an important process to stimulate also cell vesiculation. Recent studies have shown that cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate cell-cell communication and potentially contribute to tumor progression. Therefore, we investigated whether ActivinA was able to influence vesiculation by leukemic cells. We demonstrated that ActivinA increased the production of both exosomes and MVs by BCP-ALL cells. We found that EVs transport the t(1;19) fusion transcript, typical of cells from which they originate. We then studied the biological effects by which ActivinA-induced leukemia EVs can actively promote BCP-ALL disease, focusing our attention on resistance to therapy. Firstly, we demonstrated that ActivinA significantly decreased the sensitivity of leukemic cells to the anti-leukemic drug Asparaginase (ASNase) which was re-stored by blocking ActivinA signaling. Interestingly, also ActivinA-induced leukemia EVs conferred resistance to leukemic cells. To understand the mechanism underlying EV chemoprotection, we explored their miRNA cargo and identified differentially expressed miRNAs induced by ActivinA treatment. Of these, miR-491-5p has been previously reported to be associated with ASNase chemoresistance in childhood leukemia. The discovery of ActivinA signaling between BCP-ALL cells and MSCs adds significant insights into the mechanisms of communication in the leukemic niche. Moreover, ActivinA-induced leukemia EVs seem to play a crucial role in sustaining leukemic cells, by conferring them drug resistance. Our data provide a new concept to develop alternative therapeutic strategies that include targeting of the leukemic niche in BCP-ALL.
La Leucemia Linfoblastica Acuta (LLA) è il tumore più frequente in età pediatrica. Nonostante l’alto successo terapeutico raggiunto, una percentuale di pazienti non risponde alle terapie convenzionali. Numerosi studi hanno mostrato come il microambiente midollare giochi un importante ruolo nella progressione tumorale. Il nostro scopo è stato quello di identificare i pahways cruciali coinvolti nel cross-talk tra le cellule leucemiche e il microambiente stromale e che possano essere dei potenziali target terapeutici. Abbiamo studiato AttivinaA, molecola della superfamiglia del TGF-β, all’interno della nicchia midollare leucemica. Questa molecola è nota nel contesto dei tumori solidi per la sua capacità di promuovere la progressione tumorale attraverso la regolazione della motilità e invasività cellulare. Abbiamo qui definito per la prima volta AttivinaA come un fattore associato alla leucemia: all’esordio di leucemia, questa molecola è altamente espressa nel midollo leucemico e risulta essere prodotta a più alti livelli dalle cellule stromali mesenchimali (MSC) in seguito a co-coltura con le cellule leucemiche. Anche nel contesto della B-LLA, abbiamo dimostrato che AttivinaA promuove la motilità ed invasività cellulare in presenza o meno del fattore chemiotattico CXCL12, fondamentale nella localizzazione delle cellule staminali ematopoietiche (HSC) e delle cellule leucemiche all’interno della nicchia midollare. In particolare, il meccanismo d’azione di AttivinaA dipende dall’incremento dei livelli di calcio intracellulare e della polimerizzazione dell’actina che sono importanti regolatori della riorganizzazione del citoscheletro e del movimento cellulare. Interessante, AttivinaA modula in modo specifico le proprietà biologiche delle cellule leucemiche in quanto svolge un effetto contrario sulle HSC, favorendo quindi le cellule leucemiche nella competizione per la nicchia. Come già riportato in letteratura, abbiamo trovato livelli ridotti di CXCL12 nel midollo leucemico e abbiamo osservato che AttivinaA è responsabile almeno in parte di questa riduzione a causa di un suo effetto diretto sulla secrezione della chemochina da parte delle MSC. Tuttavia, essendo AttivinaA capace di aumentare la migrazione cellulare anche verso concentrazioni subottimali di CXCL12, questi dati suggeriscono un possibile meccanismo tramite il quale le cellule leucemiche persistono all’interno della nicchia midollare distruggendo l’ematopoiesi sana. I nostri dati in vitro circa il ruolo pro-migratorio e pro-invasivo di AttivinaA sono stati confermati anche in vivo. I processi di regolazione dei flussi di calcio e della riorganizzazione del citoscheletro da parte di AttivinaA sono importanti per stimolare anche la vescicolazione da parte delle cellule. Abbiamo dimostrato che AttivinaA è in grado di aumentare il rilascio di vescicole extracellulari (VE) da parte delle cellule di B-LLA. Tali vescicole trasportano al loro interno l’oncogene t(1;19), tipico delle cellule dalle quali esse originano. Sia AttivinaA sia le VE da essa indotte conferiscono chemioresistenza alle cellule leucemiche, diminuendo in maniera significativa la loro sensibilità al farmaco Asparaginasi, che viene poi ripristinata bloccando la via di segnalazione di AttivinaA. Il meccanismo alla base della chemioprotezione esercitata dalle VE può essere spiegato dalla presenza al loro interno di microRNA differenzialmente espressi in seguito al trattamento con AttivinaA, tra cui il miRNA-491-5p precedentemente associato a chemioresistenza all’Asparaginasi nella leucemia pediatrica. Complessivamente, i nostri dati suggeriscono che AttivinaA è una molecola chiave della nicchia leucemica, che conferisce un vantaggio migratorio alle cellule leucemiche e le protegge dai farmaci convenzionali attraverso la produzione di VE. Il nostro lavoro potrebbe portare dunque allo sviluppo di nuovi farmaci in grado di agire sul cross-talk stroma-leucemia.
(2021). ActivinA as a key modulator of B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell motility and vesiculation within the bone marrow niche. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).
ActivinA as a key modulator of B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell motility and vesiculation within the bone marrow niche
CRICRÌ, GIULIA
2021
Abstract
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of cancer in children. About 80% of the cases arises from precursor B cells (BCP-ALL), which abnormally accumulate as a consequence of genetic alterations associated to differentiation inhibition and abnormal expansion. Despite the 85% survival rate, a total of 10-15% of patients retains leukemic stem cells and their progenitors in the bone marrow (BM), thereby relapsing following treatment cessation. The importance of BM microenvironment for cancer progression has been widely recognized in recent years. In this study, we aimed to identify the crucial pathways involved in the bi-directional leukemia-stroma cross-talk that could be an attractive target for future antileukemic therapy. We focused our attention on the characterization of ActivinA, a TGF-β family member, within the BM leukemic niche. Here, we identified ActivinA as a new crucial factor exploited by leukemic cells to create a self-reinforcing niche: indeed, this molecule was highly expressed in the BM plasma of leukemic patients. Furthermore, we reported that BCP-ALL cells, along with the highly pro-inflammatory environment of leukemic BM, induced a strong increase in the molecule secretion by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs). In accordance with its protumoral role in solid tumors, ActivinA strongly induced both random and CXCL12-driven migration of cells also in the context of BCP-ALL. We observed that ActivinA selectively stimulated these leukemic cell biological properties with a calcium- and actin polymerization-mediated mechanism as this molecule showed an opposite effect on Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). According to the literature, we found reduced CXCL12 levels in the leukemic BM, but ActivinA enhanced cell migration also towards suboptimal CXCL12 concentrations, suggesting a possible mechanism by which leukemic cells could persist in the BM niche, displacing healthy hematopoiesis. Our in vitro data about the pro-migratory and pro-invasive role of ActivinA were confirmed also in vivo. By using a xenograft mouse model of human BCP-ALL, we demonstrated the ability of ActivinA to enhance both BM engraftment and metastatic potential intro extra-medullary sites of leukemic cells. Notably, the regulation of calcium influx and cytoskeleton organization by ActivinA is an important process to stimulate also cell vesiculation. Recent studies have shown that cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate cell-cell communication and potentially contribute to tumor progression. Therefore, we investigated whether ActivinA was able to influence vesiculation by leukemic cells. We demonstrated that ActivinA increased the production of both exosomes and MVs by BCP-ALL cells. We found that EVs transport the t(1;19) fusion transcript, typical of cells from which they originate. We then studied the biological effects by which ActivinA-induced leukemia EVs can actively promote BCP-ALL disease, focusing our attention on resistance to therapy. Firstly, we demonstrated that ActivinA significantly decreased the sensitivity of leukemic cells to the anti-leukemic drug Asparaginase (ASNase) which was re-stored by blocking ActivinA signaling. Interestingly, also ActivinA-induced leukemia EVs conferred resistance to leukemic cells. To understand the mechanism underlying EV chemoprotection, we explored their miRNA cargo and identified differentially expressed miRNAs induced by ActivinA treatment. Of these, miR-491-5p has been previously reported to be associated with ASNase chemoresistance in childhood leukemia. The discovery of ActivinA signaling between BCP-ALL cells and MSCs adds significant insights into the mechanisms of communication in the leukemic niche. Moreover, ActivinA-induced leukemia EVs seem to play a crucial role in sustaining leukemic cells, by conferring them drug resistance. Our data provide a new concept to develop alternative therapeutic strategies that include targeting of the leukemic niche in BCP-ALL.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_796749.pdf
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Descrizione: tesi di dottorato
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Doctoral thesis
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