Exploiting Self-Healing in Lithium Batteries: Strategies for Next-Generation Energy Storage Devices

Major improvements in stability and performance of batteries are still required for a more effective diffusion in industrial key sectors such as automotive and foldable electronics. An encouraging route resides in the implementation into energy storage devices of self-healing features, which can effectively oppose the deterioration upon cycling that is typical of these devices. In order to provide a comprehensive view of the topic, this Review first summarizes the main self-healing processes that have emerged in the multifaceted field of smart materials, classifying them on the basis of their recovering mechanisms. Then, attention is closely focused on self-healable energy storage devices. In particular, self-healing in lithium-ion and lithium–metal batteries is discussed, emphasizing both the physical (cracks, fractures, cuts, etc.) and chemical (degradation, gas production, etc.) issues that currently threaten the operating life of these devices, and the more effective self-healing strategies which can prevent or postpone undesired and dangerous failures. Finally, an outlook on the possible resolution of relevant challenges is briefly discussed.