In 2013 the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa was detected (for the first time in Europe) on olive trees (olea europea) in Puglia (Italy). The bacterium was also associated with a plant pathology known as Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS). Due to the quarantine status of this bacterium, European and National authorities have implemented during the years drastic eradication and containment strategies that involved tree felling and the use of pesticides to halt the spread of the bacterium and its insect vectors. Due to the economic, cultural, and social importance of the olive tree for the region, the spread of this disease has been characterized by a social debate over the implementation of mandatory phytosanitary policies and, more importantly, the construction of the ‘real’ aetiology of the disease and its ‘optimal’ solutions. Through Gregory Bateson’s schismogenesis model, this work aims at analysing the controversy regarding the processes of pathologization (problem setting) and medicalization (problem solving) of this plant pathology. In particular, we will see how different local expert groups and social-civic-environmental movements will participate in the controversy elaborating two different ways to construct nonknowledge (known unknowns considered worth pursuing) and negative knowledge (knowledge considered useless, if not dangerous). Based on a 2 years multi situated ethnography (participant observation in public events, seminars and demonstrations, and in-depth interviews) among research communities, stakeholders, and and social movements’ representatives and members, this work will argue that, more than a mere contraposition between ‘scientists’ and ‘environmentalists’, the ‘Xylella controversy’ reveals a tension between two frames of the plant pathology politically and epistemically transversal: (1) a complex of symptoms caused only by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (OQDS) versus (2) a complex of multifactorial causes (i.e. fungi, soil pollution as well as social and political factors), a tension between “two pathologies” that is also a signal of a deep epistemic and political differentiation within the modes of representations and practices of past, present and futures of local and global agriculture, and the relations between humans and nonhumans.
Nel 2013 il patogeno vegetale Xylella fastidiosa viene, per la prima volta in Europa, ritrovato negli ulivi del Salento (Puglia, Italia). Il batterio verrà connesso all’insorgenza di una patologia vegetale nota come Disseccamento Rapido dell’Olivo (Olive Quick decline Syndrome). Trattandosi di un batterio da quarantena, le autorità Europee e Nazionali attueranno procedure fitosanitarie che prevedranno l’abbattimento di alberi infetti e utilizzo di insetticidi al fine di limitare la diffusione del batterio e del suo insetto vettore. A causa dell’importanza economica, culturale e sociale dell’olivo in questa regione, l’implementazione delle procedure di quarantena al batterio, nonché i processi di creazione di conoscenza sulla patologia, saranno al centro di un’accesa controversia che riguarderà diversi livelli, coinvolgendo ricercatori, attivisti civico-ambientalisti e olivicoltori. Attraverso il modello della schismogenesi questo lavoro intende analizzare la controversia riguardo i processi di patologizzazione (problem setting) e medicalizzazione (problem solving) della patologia. In particolare, si vedrà come gruppi di ricerca ed esperti locali e movimenti socio-civico-ambientalisti locali partecipano al conflitto elaborando due differenti modalità di costruire le 'non conoscenze' (ciò che è necessario conoscere) e le conoscenze negative (conoscenza considerata inutile, se non dannosa). Attraverso un periodo di fieldwork multi-situato della durata di 2 anni (osservazione partecipante in eventi, seminari, manifestazioni ed interviste mirate) tra le comunità di ricerca, stakeholders e membri dei movimenti, lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di dimostrare che all'interno della controversia scientifica sul disseccamento rapido degli ulivi non si manifesta una contrapposizione tra 'scienziati' e 'movimenti' (come spesso descritto), al contrario la controversia rivela una tensione tra due frame della patologia politicamente ed epistemicamente trasversali: (1) un complesso di sintomi causati unicamente dal batterio Xylella fastidiosa chiamato OQDS, versus (2) un complesso di Cause Multifattoriale (i.e. funghi, inquinamento dei suoli, cattive pratiche agrotecniche, così come cause sociali, economiche e politiche) chiamato “CoDiRO”. Una tensione tra “due patologie” che ad un livello più profondo è segnale di una differenziazione all’interno delle modalità di costruire rappresentazioni e pratiche della conoscenza scientifica e agricola del passato, del presente e del futuro.
(2020). Le Due Patologie: Una sociologa delle conoscenze sul disseccamento degli ulivi in Puglia. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).
Le Due Patologie: Una sociologa delle conoscenze sul disseccamento degli ulivi in Puglia
COLELLA, CHRISTIAN
2020
Abstract
In 2013 the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa was detected (for the first time in Europe) on olive trees (olea europea) in Puglia (Italy). The bacterium was also associated with a plant pathology known as Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS). Due to the quarantine status of this bacterium, European and National authorities have implemented during the years drastic eradication and containment strategies that involved tree felling and the use of pesticides to halt the spread of the bacterium and its insect vectors. Due to the economic, cultural, and social importance of the olive tree for the region, the spread of this disease has been characterized by a social debate over the implementation of mandatory phytosanitary policies and, more importantly, the construction of the ‘real’ aetiology of the disease and its ‘optimal’ solutions. Through Gregory Bateson’s schismogenesis model, this work aims at analysing the controversy regarding the processes of pathologization (problem setting) and medicalization (problem solving) of this plant pathology. In particular, we will see how different local expert groups and social-civic-environmental movements will participate in the controversy elaborating two different ways to construct nonknowledge (known unknowns considered worth pursuing) and negative knowledge (knowledge considered useless, if not dangerous). Based on a 2 years multi situated ethnography (participant observation in public events, seminars and demonstrations, and in-depth interviews) among research communities, stakeholders, and and social movements’ representatives and members, this work will argue that, more than a mere contraposition between ‘scientists’ and ‘environmentalists’, the ‘Xylella controversy’ reveals a tension between two frames of the plant pathology politically and epistemically transversal: (1) a complex of symptoms caused only by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (OQDS) versus (2) a complex of multifactorial causes (i.e. fungi, soil pollution as well as social and political factors), a tension between “two pathologies” that is also a signal of a deep epistemic and political differentiation within the modes of representations and practices of past, present and futures of local and global agriculture, and the relations between humans and nonhumans.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Le Due Patologie: Una sociologia delle conoscenze sul disseccamento degli ulivi
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Doctoral thesis
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