Nowadays, being familiar with the concept of Fake News and how to recognise and deal with them is becoming a central argument in many disciplines such as Journalism, Communication Sciences, Political Sciences, Law, Medicine, Behavioural Sciences, Cognitive Psychology, Sociology, Philosophy (in particular phenomenology), but also Computational and IT Sciences. This set of researchers is trying to answer the same questions and get a clearer view of: what fake news is, how it can be recognized, and what kind of consequences they can have on people and society as a whole. And obviously, what could be the best way to limit their spread. This method, which has provided to be very useful in the very first instance, is not sufficient anymore. The lack of interdisciplinary research on the topic has not allowed experts to fill holes that we still have to explore about the role of fake news in the development of our society. Above all, it has not led to the construction of a valid "fake news antidote". We decided to choose fake news as a topic for our research because it possesses great importance in conditioning personal choices and behaviors in the information society and has a considerable level of pervasiveness in everyone’s lives. Fake news has been underestimated for many years in the educational systems, which are still struggling to find a way to introduce technology in school with positive outcomes for their students. A problem also increased by the fact that teachers were mostly unprepared (technically and psychologically) to face the spreading of technology into didactics. In the first part, we concentrated our desk research on three points, which are fundamental to understand the origin, the importance, and the possible consequences that fake news can have if we do not educate young generations to deal with them. In the theoretical background, we explore how the advent of the Information Society has changed our way of living and communicate. Then we concentrated on the post-truth era concept, trying to understand it at a theoretical level and in a more practical way, seeing how the uncertainties brought by fake news into the information society had transformed the meaning of the word “true”. As fake news pass primarily through social media channels, which use had increased exponentially in the past few years, the third point of our desk research was devoted to the understanding of the creation and functioning of the so-called “echo chambers” and “filtered bubbles”. Then we dedicated ourselves to the study of the fake news phenomenon doing an extensive review on the topic and trying to understand how it can spread so quickly, traveling from the web into our life, sometimes supported also by “old media”, like newspapers, journals, radio, or television programs. We also concentrated on the role that the audience and the emotional engagement that fake news often carries with it can have in their acceptance as real news and, as a consequence, in their spreading. Nonetheless, we found out that there are still no specific studies in educational research that analyze the fake news phenomenon in-depth, with all its complexities, and that there are still few researchers who are starting to creating work hypothesis and testing tools both for pupils’ education and for the professional training of in-service and future teachers.

Al giorno d'oggi, conoscere il concetto di Fake News e come riconoscerli e affrontarli sta diventando un argomento centrale in molte discipline come giornalismo, scienze della comunicazione, scienze politiche, diritto, medicina, scienze comportamentali, psicologia cognitiva, sociologia, filosofia ( in particolare la fenomenologia), ma anche le scienze computazionali e informatiche. Questo gruppo di ricercatori sta cercando di rispondere alle stesse domande e ottenere una visione più chiara di: quali notizie false sono, come possono essere riconosciute e che tipo di conseguenze possono avere sulle persone e sulla società nel suo complesso. E ovviamente, quale potrebbe essere il modo migliore per limitare la loro diffusione. Questo metodo, che si è rivelato molto utile in prima istanza, non è più sufficiente. La mancanza di ricerche interdisciplinari sull'argomento non ha permesso agli esperti di riempire i buchi che dobbiamo ancora esplorare sul ruolo delle notizie false nello sviluppo della nostra società. Soprattutto, non ha portato alla costruzione di un valido "antidoto sulle notizie false". Abbiamo deciso di scegliere le notizie false come argomento per la nostra ricerca perché possiede una grande importanza nel condizionare le scelte e i comportamenti personali nella società dell'informazione e ha un notevole livello di pervasività nella vita di tutti. Le notizie false sono state sottovalutate per molti anni nei sistemi educativi, che stanno ancora lottando per trovare un modo per introdurre la tecnologia a scuola con risultati positivi per i loro studenti. Un problema è aumentato anche dal fatto che gli insegnanti erano per lo più impreparati (tecnicamente e psicologicamente) ad affrontare la diffusione della tecnologia nella didattica. Nella prima parte, abbiamo concentrato la nostra ricerca sulla scrivania su tre punti, che sono fondamentali per comprendere l'origine, l'importanza e le possibili conseguenze che possono avere le notizie false se non educiamo le giovani generazioni a gestirle. Sul piano teorico, esploriamo come l'avvento della società dell'informazione ha cambiato il nostro modo di vivere e comunicare. Quindi ci siamo concentrati sul concetto dell'era post-verità, cercando di capirlo a livello teorico e in modo più pratico, vedendo come le incertezze apportate dalle notizie false nella società dell'informazione avevano trasformato il significato della parola "vero". Poiché le notizie false passano principalmente attraverso i canali dei social media, il cui utilizzo è aumentato in modo esponenziale negli ultimi anni, il terzo punto della nostra ricerca sulla scrivania è stato dedicato alla comprensione della creazione e del funzionamento delle cosiddette "camere di eco" o" bolle”. Quindi ci siamo dedicati allo studio del fenomeno delle notizie false facendo una recensione approfondita sull'argomento e cercando di capire come può diffondersi così rapidamente, viaggiando dal web nella nostra vita, a volte supportato anche da "vecchi media", come i giornali, riviste, programmi radiofonici o televisivi. Ci siamo anche concentrati sul ruolo che il pubblico e l'impegno emotivo che spesso porta con sé le notizie false possono avere nella loro accettazione come notizie vere e, di conseguenza, nella loro diffusione. Tuttavia, abbiamo scoperto che non esistono ancora studi specifici nella ricerca educativa che analizzino in profondità il fenomeno delle notizie false, con tutte le sue complessità, e che ci sono ancora pochi ricercatori che stanno iniziando a creare ipotesi di lavoro e strumenti di test sia per gli alunni "istruzione e formazione professionale degli insegnanti in servizio e futuri.

(2020). FAKE NEWS: EVOLUTION OF A RISING CONCEPT AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EDUCATION SYSTEM. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).

FAKE NEWS: EVOLUTION OF A RISING CONCEPT AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EDUCATION SYSTEM

SCIANNAMEA, ROBERTA
2020

Abstract

Nowadays, being familiar with the concept of Fake News and how to recognise and deal with them is becoming a central argument in many disciplines such as Journalism, Communication Sciences, Political Sciences, Law, Medicine, Behavioural Sciences, Cognitive Psychology, Sociology, Philosophy (in particular phenomenology), but also Computational and IT Sciences. This set of researchers is trying to answer the same questions and get a clearer view of: what fake news is, how it can be recognized, and what kind of consequences they can have on people and society as a whole. And obviously, what could be the best way to limit their spread. This method, which has provided to be very useful in the very first instance, is not sufficient anymore. The lack of interdisciplinary research on the topic has not allowed experts to fill holes that we still have to explore about the role of fake news in the development of our society. Above all, it has not led to the construction of a valid "fake news antidote". We decided to choose fake news as a topic for our research because it possesses great importance in conditioning personal choices and behaviors in the information society and has a considerable level of pervasiveness in everyone’s lives. Fake news has been underestimated for many years in the educational systems, which are still struggling to find a way to introduce technology in school with positive outcomes for their students. A problem also increased by the fact that teachers were mostly unprepared (technically and psychologically) to face the spreading of technology into didactics. In the first part, we concentrated our desk research on three points, which are fundamental to understand the origin, the importance, and the possible consequences that fake news can have if we do not educate young generations to deal with them. In the theoretical background, we explore how the advent of the Information Society has changed our way of living and communicate. Then we concentrated on the post-truth era concept, trying to understand it at a theoretical level and in a more practical way, seeing how the uncertainties brought by fake news into the information society had transformed the meaning of the word “true”. As fake news pass primarily through social media channels, which use had increased exponentially in the past few years, the third point of our desk research was devoted to the understanding of the creation and functioning of the so-called “echo chambers” and “filtered bubbles”. Then we dedicated ourselves to the study of the fake news phenomenon doing an extensive review on the topic and trying to understand how it can spread so quickly, traveling from the web into our life, sometimes supported also by “old media”, like newspapers, journals, radio, or television programs. We also concentrated on the role that the audience and the emotional engagement that fake news often carries with it can have in their acceptance as real news and, as a consequence, in their spreading. Nonetheless, we found out that there are still no specific studies in educational research that analyze the fake news phenomenon in-depth, with all its complexities, and that there are still few researchers who are starting to creating work hypothesis and testing tools both for pupils’ education and for the professional training of in-service and future teachers.
FORMENTI, LAURA
Fake News; Education; New media literacy; Critical media; Teachers
Fake News; Education; New media literacy; Critical media; Teachers
M-PED/01 - PEDAGOGIA GENERALE E SOCIALE
English
30-gen-2020
SCIENZE DELLA FORMAZIONE E DELLA COMUNICAZIONE
30
2017/2018
open
(2020). FAKE NEWS: EVOLUTION OF A RISING CONCEPT AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EDUCATION SYSTEM. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/262885
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