The burden of a condition, illness or risk factor on the population is a fundamental issue in Public Health and evaluating this burden appears to be necessary to improve health systems and policies, and to help decision makers for a better allocation of public resources. The population attributable fraction, a measure used to assess the burden of disease, allows to determine the number of disease’s cases that would be avoided or prevented if a risk factor was eliminated. Clinical Pathways are composed by several evidence-based healthcare intervention and are considered both as tool for patients’ care and as a way to describe the structure of a care process that is worldwide used to make care processes transparent and to improve the efficiency and quality of health care. However, the real impact of these pathways on several clinical outcomes, in particular in outpatient settings, is a little explored field. If we consider the subject’s adherence to recommendations contained in Clinical Pathways as a ‘gold standard’ of healthcare to avoid adverse clinical events/complications, the condition of ‘non-adherence’ represents a risk factor that could be controlled and limited, if not even removed. The aim of this thesis is to assess the impact of healthcare interventions for specific health conditions, from the Public Health point of view, in terms of (i) size of the problem, (ii) process of care and (iii) association between process and outcomes. To this purpose, my thesis is composed of four parts that lead to explore the main issue of this work and to understand how we can measure the impact of some healthcare interventions on subjects affected by several chronic conditions. After an introduction to the concept of Burden of Disease and its possible application in the assessment of impact of healthcare interventions, Clinical Pathways and their current use are presented. In this part an Italian project aimed to assess the impact of several pathways on patients’ clinical outcomes is also described. In this project, outpatient Clinical Pathways are also used to compare different Regional Health Systems from the point of view of the accountability: in this way, each Regional System will be made responsible for the quality of healthcare deliver (with process-of-care indicators assessment) and for clinical results following the health services provided (with the outcome indicators evaluation). In the third part I explain some methodological aspects I learned about in this years, from data sources (large administrative databases) to study designs and statistical analysis used for retrospective observational studies, up to deepening the population attributable fraction measure and its different applications. The last part reports three studies conducted during my PhD course that, from different points of view, explore the concept of the impact of healthcare interventions in different clinical contexts. In particular, the third study (work in progress) applies the concept of population attributable fraction to quantify the impact of the adherence to recommendations on clinical outcomes.

Il concetto di Burden of Disease è molto usato nella letteratura internazionale per indicare il peso, l’impatto che una condizione, una malattia o un fattore di rischio possono avere sulla popolazione. Misurare questo burden sembra essere necessario per migliorare i sistemi sanitari e per aiutare i decisori politici nell’allocare adeguatamente le risorse pubbliche. Una misura molto usata nella valutazione del Burden of Disease è la frazione attribuibile di popolazione, che misura il numero di casi di malattia che si potrebbero evitare o prevenire se il fattore di rischio venisse eliminato. I percorsi clinici, o PDTA (percorsi diagnostico-terapeutico-assistenziali), sono composti da un insieme di interventi clinici basati sulle evidenze e vengono considerati sia come uno strumento per una miglior cura del paziente sia come un modo per descrivere la struttura di un processo di cura, ed è uno strumento utilizzato in tutto il mondo per rendere trasparenti i processi stessi e per migliora l’efficacia e la qualità dell’assistenza. Tuttavia, il reale impatto di questi percorsi di cura sugli outcome clinici dei pazienti, soprattutto in ambino extra-ospedaliero, rappresentano un campo della ricerca ancora poco esplorato. Se consideriamo, inoltre, l’aderenza alle raccomandazioni contenute nei PDTA come un gold standard da perseguire per evitare diversi outcome clinici o complicanze, una condizione di non-aderenza rappresenta un fattore di rischio che può essere controllato e limitano, se non additìrittura eliminato. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di valutare l’impatto degli interventi sanitari per specifiche patologie dal punto di vista della salute pubblica, e cioè in termini di (i) dimensione del problema, (ii) processo di cura e (iii) associazione tra il processo stesso gli outcome in esame. Con queso fine, la tesi è formata da quattro parti che conducono ad esplorare il quesito principale di questi lavoro di ricerca e a capire come si possa misurare l’impatto di alcuni interventi sanitari su soggetti affetti da alcune patologie croniche. Dopo un’inizale introduzione al concetto di Burden of Disease e alle sue possibili applicazioni nella valutazione degli interventi sanitari, vengono presentati i PDTA e il loro corrente utilizzo in ambito nazionale e internazionale. In questa parte della tesi viene descritto un progetto italiano che ha l’obiettivo di valutare l’impatto di diversi percorsi di cura sugli outcome clinici dei soggetti. In questo progetto, inoltre, i PDTA vengono anche descritti e utilizzati come uno strumento utile a comparare diversi Sistemi Sanitari Regionali (CCR) dal punto di vista dell’accountability: in questo modo ogni SSR è reso responsabile della qualità del servizio erogato (utilizzando gli indicatori che valutano il processo di cura) e dei risultati clinici che ottengono (utilizzando gli indicatori che valutano gli esiti). Nella terza parte della tesi illustro alcuni aspetti metodologici imparati in questi anni di dottorato, a partire dalle fonti dei dati (i database sanitari amministrativi) fino ai diversi disegni dello studio implementati e alle diverse tipologie di analisi statistica utilizzate negli studi osservazionali, per poi approfondire la misura della frazione attribuibile di popolazione e le sue diverse applicazioni. L’ultima parte riporta tre studi condotti durante il Corso di Dottorato e che, da diversi punti di vista, esplorano il concetto dell’impatto degli interventi sanitari in diversi contesti clinici. In particolare, nell’ultimo studio (work in progress) si applica la misura della frazione attribuibile di popolazione per quantificare l’impatto dell’aderenza a determinate raccomandazioni su definiti outcome clinici.

(2018). Assessing healthcare pathways by means administrative data. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).

Assessing healthcare pathways by means administrative data

COMORETTO, ROSANNA IRENE
2018

Abstract

The burden of a condition, illness or risk factor on the population is a fundamental issue in Public Health and evaluating this burden appears to be necessary to improve health systems and policies, and to help decision makers for a better allocation of public resources. The population attributable fraction, a measure used to assess the burden of disease, allows to determine the number of disease’s cases that would be avoided or prevented if a risk factor was eliminated. Clinical Pathways are composed by several evidence-based healthcare intervention and are considered both as tool for patients’ care and as a way to describe the structure of a care process that is worldwide used to make care processes transparent and to improve the efficiency and quality of health care. However, the real impact of these pathways on several clinical outcomes, in particular in outpatient settings, is a little explored field. If we consider the subject’s adherence to recommendations contained in Clinical Pathways as a ‘gold standard’ of healthcare to avoid adverse clinical events/complications, the condition of ‘non-adherence’ represents a risk factor that could be controlled and limited, if not even removed. The aim of this thesis is to assess the impact of healthcare interventions for specific health conditions, from the Public Health point of view, in terms of (i) size of the problem, (ii) process of care and (iii) association between process and outcomes. To this purpose, my thesis is composed of four parts that lead to explore the main issue of this work and to understand how we can measure the impact of some healthcare interventions on subjects affected by several chronic conditions. After an introduction to the concept of Burden of Disease and its possible application in the assessment of impact of healthcare interventions, Clinical Pathways and their current use are presented. In this part an Italian project aimed to assess the impact of several pathways on patients’ clinical outcomes is also described. In this project, outpatient Clinical Pathways are also used to compare different Regional Health Systems from the point of view of the accountability: in this way, each Regional System will be made responsible for the quality of healthcare deliver (with process-of-care indicators assessment) and for clinical results following the health services provided (with the outcome indicators evaluation). In the third part I explain some methodological aspects I learned about in this years, from data sources (large administrative databases) to study designs and statistical analysis used for retrospective observational studies, up to deepening the population attributable fraction measure and its different applications. The last part reports three studies conducted during my PhD course that, from different points of view, explore the concept of the impact of healthcare interventions in different clinical contexts. In particular, the third study (work in progress) applies the concept of population attributable fraction to quantify the impact of the adherence to recommendations on clinical outcomes.
CORRAO, GIOVANNI
Salute Pubblica; processo di cura; esiti; PDTA; rischio attribuibile
Public Health; process of care; clinical outcomes; clinical pathways; rischio attribuibile
MED/01 - STATISTICA MEDICA
English
16-nov-2018
SANITA' PUBBLICA - 78R
30
2016/2017
open
(2018). Assessing healthcare pathways by means administrative data. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/241293
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