Tissue regeneration depends to a great extent on endothelium: during angiogenesis, endothelial cells sprout from vessels to rearrange the circulatory system re-establishing the levels of oxygen, nutrients and proliferative and pro-differentiation signals in damaged areas. Several pathological conditions demonstrate that this process can be altered by inflammation and dysregulation in BMP/TGFβ pathway. Unbalance of TGFβ signalling can induce Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT): a transdifferentiation process that leads endothelial cells to lose their characteristics in favour of a mesenchymal phenotype, culminating with pathological fibroblasts, chondrocytes and osteoblasts differentiation accordingly to different stimuli. In this thesis we show that EndMT is a pathological mechanism in the development of heterotopic ossification (HO). Defined as formation of bones in soft tissue and triggered by inflammation, HO can be the result of severe tissue trauma or, as in the case of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, caused by genetic mutation in ACVR1 gene that codes for a BMP type I receptor. By using endothelial lineage tracing mice in a model of HO we demonstrate that endothelial cells can differentiate in chondrocytes. To unravel the complexity of the interactions between the immune system and endothelium we investigated the role of macrophages by pharmacological depletion. Our data show that macrophage reduction exacerbates EndMT and transdifferentiation of endothelial cells toward cartilage. This is also accompanied by an increased volume and density of ectopic bone. We found that dipyridamole, a modulator of ACVR1, is able to reduce the effect of the macrophage depletion on the extent of HO, arguing a possible role for dipyridamole in counteracting EndMT. To get more insights in the molecular mechanism underlying EndoMT we have also explored the role of RNA-editing proteins, Adar1 and Adar2, in modulating TGFβ signalling. Knock-down of Adars protein appear to increase the sensitivity of endothelial cells to acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. Further studies are required to understand the molecular mechanism.
La rigenerazione tissutale dipende molto dall’endotelio: durante l’angiogenesi le cellule endoteliali emergono dai vasi per ricostituire il sistema circolatorio ristabilendo i livelli di ossigeno, nutrienti, i fattori proliferativi o pro-differenziativi nelle aree danneggiate. Diverse condizioni patologiche dimostrano che questo processo può essere alterato dall'infiammazione e dalla disregolazione del signalling del BMP e del TGFb. Uno sbilanciamento del signalling del TGFβ può indurre l’Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT): un processo di transdifferenziamento che porta le cellule endoteliali a perdere le loro caratteristiche in favore di un fenotipo mesenchimale, culminando con differenziamenti patologici in fibroblasti, condrociti e osteoblasti a seconda dello stimolo induttore. In questa tesi mostriamo che l’EndMT è un meccanismo patologico nello sviluppo dell'ossificazione eterotopica (HO). Definita come la formazione di ossa nei tessuti molli e scatenata dall'infiammazione, l’HO può essere il risultato di un grave trauma tissutale o, come nel caso della Fibrodisplasia Ossificante Progressiva, causata da una mutazione genetica nel gene ACVR1 che codifica per un recettore BMP di tipo I. Usando un lineage tracing nei topi per le cellule endoteliali in un modello di HO dimostriamo che le cellule endoteliali possono differenziarsi nei condrociti. Per svelare la complessità delle interazioni tra il sistema immunitario e l'endotelio abbiamo studiato il ruolo dei macrofagi, inducendone la deplezione con un trattamento farmacologico. I nostri dati mostrano che la riduzione dei macrofagi esacerba l’EndMT e il transdifferenziamento delle cellule endoteliali verso la cartilagine. Questo è anche accompagnato da un aumento del volume e della densità dell'osso ectopico. Abbiamo trovato che il dipiridamolo, un modulatore di ACVR1, è in grado di ridurre l'effetto della deplezione dei macrofagi sull'estensione di HO, suggerendo un possibile ruolo del dipiridamolo nel contrastare l'EndMT. Per ottenere maggiori informazioni sul meccanismo molecolare alla base di EndoMT abbiamo anche esplorato il ruolo delle proteine responsabili dell’RNA editing, Adar1 e Adar2, nel modulare la segnalazione del TGFβ. La diminuzione della proteine Adar sembra favorire l’acquisizione di un fenotipo mesenchimale. Ulteriori approfondimenti sono richiesti per identificare i meccanismi molecolari.
(2019). The multifaceted identity of endothelial cells: the role of Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in shifting the balance between vessels and bones. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).
The multifaceted identity of endothelial cells: the role of Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in shifting the balance between vessels and bones
GIOVENZANA, ANNA
2019
Abstract
Tissue regeneration depends to a great extent on endothelium: during angiogenesis, endothelial cells sprout from vessels to rearrange the circulatory system re-establishing the levels of oxygen, nutrients and proliferative and pro-differentiation signals in damaged areas. Several pathological conditions demonstrate that this process can be altered by inflammation and dysregulation in BMP/TGFβ pathway. Unbalance of TGFβ signalling can induce Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT): a transdifferentiation process that leads endothelial cells to lose their characteristics in favour of a mesenchymal phenotype, culminating with pathological fibroblasts, chondrocytes and osteoblasts differentiation accordingly to different stimuli. In this thesis we show that EndMT is a pathological mechanism in the development of heterotopic ossification (HO). Defined as formation of bones in soft tissue and triggered by inflammation, HO can be the result of severe tissue trauma or, as in the case of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, caused by genetic mutation in ACVR1 gene that codes for a BMP type I receptor. By using endothelial lineage tracing mice in a model of HO we demonstrate that endothelial cells can differentiate in chondrocytes. To unravel the complexity of the interactions between the immune system and endothelium we investigated the role of macrophages by pharmacological depletion. Our data show that macrophage reduction exacerbates EndMT and transdifferentiation of endothelial cells toward cartilage. This is also accompanied by an increased volume and density of ectopic bone. We found that dipyridamole, a modulator of ACVR1, is able to reduce the effect of the macrophage depletion on the extent of HO, arguing a possible role for dipyridamole in counteracting EndMT. To get more insights in the molecular mechanism underlying EndoMT we have also explored the role of RNA-editing proteins, Adar1 and Adar2, in modulating TGFβ signalling. Knock-down of Adars protein appear to increase the sensitivity of endothelial cells to acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. Further studies are required to understand the molecular mechanism.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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