Peripersonal Space (PPS) is a privileged region of space, immediately surrounding our body, in which visual and bodily signals are promptly integrated in fronto-parietal areas of the brain (Hunley & Lourenco, 2018). PPS amplitude is not fixed, but it can be dynamically shaped by specific experimental manipulations (Fogassi et al., 1996). In Study 1 and 3, we tried to disentangle how visuo-tactile integration in space can be shaped by intrinsic and learned valence of objects. By using a visuo-tactile interaction paradigm, participants were asked to respond to a tactile stimulus while an approaching visual one (with intrinsic and learned valence in Study 1 and 3, respectively) was located at specific distances from their body (Canzoneri et al., 2012). The results of Study 1 and 3 seem aligned to each other: positive and negative stimuli entail larger visuo-tactile interactions in space than neutral ones. Indeed, at longer distances from the body, visuo-tactile interactions are dynamically modulated by valence-connoted looming visual stimuli. At shorter distances, instead, all stimuli acquire saliency regardless of their intrinsic or acquired valence, due to their proximity to the body. Study 3 aims to exclude that the above-mentioned results might be due to tactile expectancy (Kandula et al., 2017). Indeed, the more the visual stimulus approaches the body without tactile input, the more the bodily stimulus expectancy increases (Umbach et al. 2012). By using the same visual stimuli – that now recede away from participants’ body - and spatial distances as in Study 1, it was shown that the different valence of the stimuli is not able to produce any kind of effect in space, thus stressing the validity of the findings reported in Studies 1 and 3. Study 4 investigates the neuronal oscillations related to visuo-tactile coupling in near and far space for both positive and negative visual stimuli. In particular, we would like to replicate Wamain et al. (2016) results, which state that objects in near space are coded in motor terms, but only when the goal of the perceiver is to interact with them. By using a tactile discrimination task while valence-connoted visual stimuli were presented in near or far space, we found beta power desynchronization in near space over sensorimotor cortex, thus revealing a motor activation for valence-connoted visual stimuli close to the body but not when they were located far from it. This result corroborates the presence of such a multisensory system in the human brain (Maravita et al., 2003, Làdavas & Farnè, 2004). However, no effect of valence was found in the present EEG task, thus confirming Study 1 and 3 results. Study 5 explores how state and trait anxiety (Spielberger, 1983) can alter the prioritizing effect of congruent visuo-tactile stimulation in space. By adopting a revised version of the Temporal Order Judgment task as in Filbrich et al. (2017), participants were asked to report the order of near or far visual stimulus presentation before and after doing an anxiety provoking task, trying to ignore a tactile cue. Despite we were unable to report an overall prioritizing effect of congruent visuo-tactile interaction in near space, it has been found that participants who experienced a higher temporary state of anxiety showed an inhibitory effect of the congruent tactile cue on the near visual stimulus processing. On the other side, high trait anxiety participants’ response to the congruent multisensory stimulation seems to be more facilitated in near than in far space. This finding seems to be compatible with the reduced top-down control over threat-related distractors showed by high state anxiety individuals (Bishop et al., 2004) and with a reduced executive control in trait anxious subjects (Pacheco-Unguetti et al., 2010). Taken together, these five studies stress the privileged integration of visual and tactile stimuli inside PPS and its permeability to emotional related states.
Lo spazio peripersonale (SPP) rappresenta una regione privilegiata di spazio immediatamente circostante il nostro corpo in cui stimoli visivi e tattili vengono integrati nelle aree cerebrali fronto-parietali (Hunley & Lourenco, 2018). L’ampiezza di SPP non è fissa ma può essere regolata da diversi fattori (Fogassi et al., 1996). Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di indagare come l’integrazione visuo-tattile possa essere modulata dalla valenza intrinseca e acquisita degli stimoli visivi e da stati emotivi legati all’ansia. Negli Studi 1 e 3 è stato utilizzato il paradigma di interazione visuo-tattile (Canzoneri et al., 2012) in cui stimoli tattili venivano somministrati mentre stimoli visivi in avvicinamento a valenza intrinseca (Studio 1) e acquisita (Studio 3) si trovavano a specifiche distanze dal corpo dei partecipanti. I risultati dei due studi sono analoghi: a brevi distanze, tutti gli stimoli visivi comportano una facilitazione dell’elaborazione del tattile, a lunghe distanze dal corpo, invece, solo gli stimoli connotati da valenza modulano le interazioni visuo-tattili. Lo studio 2 è stato condotto per escludere che possibili effetti di aspettativa tattile potessero spiegare i risultati ottenuti nei due precedenti studi. Utilizzando lo stesso paradigma di interazione visuo-tattile, ora gli stimoli visivi si allontanano dal corpo anziché avvicinarsi ad esso. Contrariamente ai due studi summenzionati, si è qui riscontrato che la valenza degli stimoli non esercita nessun effetto sulla percezione spaziale, confermando dunque la validità degli Studi 1 e 3. Lo Studio 4 si propone di indagare le oscillazioni neurali sottostanti le interazioni visuo-tattili. Nello specifico, si vorrebbe replicare il risultato ottenuto da Wamain et al. (2016) il quale ha riportato un gradiente di attivazione della corteccia sensorimotoria dallo spazio peripersonale a quello extrapersonale, soltanto quando il compito richiedeva al soggetto una chiara intenzione motoria. Utilizzando un compito di discriminazione tattile, i partecipanti venivano invitati a rispondere ad una vibrazione consegnata sulla mano destra mentre osservavano stimoli visivi a valenza positiva e negativa, posizionati a varie distanze dal corpo. I risultati mostrano una chiara attivazione motoria quando tutti gli stimoli sono posizionati nello spazio peripersonale ma non in quello extrapersonale, portando prove a sostegno dell’esistenza di un sistema di codifica di SPP sottostante l’integrazione visuo-tattile (Maravita et al., 2003, Làdavas & Farnè, 2004). Nessun effetto legato alla valenza è stato registrato, avvalorando dunque i dati ottenuti nei precedenti esperimenti. Lo studio 5 è volto ad indagare come la congruenza tra stimoli visivi e tattili nello spazio sia modellata da stati emotivi legati ad ansia di stato e di tratto (Spielberger, 1983). Adottando una versione rivisitata del paradigma di Ordine di Giudizio Temporale (Filbrich et al., 2017), i partecipanti venivano invitati a riportare l’ordine di presentazione di stimoli visivi posizionati vicino o lontano dal proprio corpo, ignorando degli stimoli tattili consegnati 200 ms prima degli stimoli bersaglio. Tale procedura è stata somministrata prima e dopo il compito di induzione dell’ansia. Nonostante non sia stato replicato il generale effetto di facilitazione di congruenza visuo-tattile nello spazio vicino, è stato riscontrato che i soggetti con alta ansia di stato e di tratto mostrano rispettivamente un effetto inibitorio e facilitatorio dello stimolo tattile sull’elaborazione del visivo. Questo risultato è compatibile con studi già presenti in letteratura indicanti un ridotto controllo top-down per stimoli minacciosi nei soggetti ad alta ansia di stato (Bishop et al., 2004) e un compromesso controllo esecutivo nei soggetti ad alta ansia di tratto (Pacheco-Unguetti et al., 2010).
(2019). FEELING THE EMOTIONS AROUND US: HOW AFFECTIVE STIMULI IMPACT VISUO-TACTILE INTERACTIONS IN SPACE. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).
FEELING THE EMOTIONS AROUND US: HOW AFFECTIVE STIMULI IMPACT VISUO-TACTILE INTERACTIONS IN SPACE
SPACCASASSI, CHIARA
2019
Abstract
Peripersonal Space (PPS) is a privileged region of space, immediately surrounding our body, in which visual and bodily signals are promptly integrated in fronto-parietal areas of the brain (Hunley & Lourenco, 2018). PPS amplitude is not fixed, but it can be dynamically shaped by specific experimental manipulations (Fogassi et al., 1996). In Study 1 and 3, we tried to disentangle how visuo-tactile integration in space can be shaped by intrinsic and learned valence of objects. By using a visuo-tactile interaction paradigm, participants were asked to respond to a tactile stimulus while an approaching visual one (with intrinsic and learned valence in Study 1 and 3, respectively) was located at specific distances from their body (Canzoneri et al., 2012). The results of Study 1 and 3 seem aligned to each other: positive and negative stimuli entail larger visuo-tactile interactions in space than neutral ones. Indeed, at longer distances from the body, visuo-tactile interactions are dynamically modulated by valence-connoted looming visual stimuli. At shorter distances, instead, all stimuli acquire saliency regardless of their intrinsic or acquired valence, due to their proximity to the body. Study 3 aims to exclude that the above-mentioned results might be due to tactile expectancy (Kandula et al., 2017). Indeed, the more the visual stimulus approaches the body without tactile input, the more the bodily stimulus expectancy increases (Umbach et al. 2012). By using the same visual stimuli – that now recede away from participants’ body - and spatial distances as in Study 1, it was shown that the different valence of the stimuli is not able to produce any kind of effect in space, thus stressing the validity of the findings reported in Studies 1 and 3. Study 4 investigates the neuronal oscillations related to visuo-tactile coupling in near and far space for both positive and negative visual stimuli. In particular, we would like to replicate Wamain et al. (2016) results, which state that objects in near space are coded in motor terms, but only when the goal of the perceiver is to interact with them. By using a tactile discrimination task while valence-connoted visual stimuli were presented in near or far space, we found beta power desynchronization in near space over sensorimotor cortex, thus revealing a motor activation for valence-connoted visual stimuli close to the body but not when they were located far from it. This result corroborates the presence of such a multisensory system in the human brain (Maravita et al., 2003, Làdavas & Farnè, 2004). However, no effect of valence was found in the present EEG task, thus confirming Study 1 and 3 results. Study 5 explores how state and trait anxiety (Spielberger, 1983) can alter the prioritizing effect of congruent visuo-tactile stimulation in space. By adopting a revised version of the Temporal Order Judgment task as in Filbrich et al. (2017), participants were asked to report the order of near or far visual stimulus presentation before and after doing an anxiety provoking task, trying to ignore a tactile cue. Despite we were unable to report an overall prioritizing effect of congruent visuo-tactile interaction in near space, it has been found that participants who experienced a higher temporary state of anxiety showed an inhibitory effect of the congruent tactile cue on the near visual stimulus processing. On the other side, high trait anxiety participants’ response to the congruent multisensory stimulation seems to be more facilitated in near than in far space. This finding seems to be compatible with the reduced top-down control over threat-related distractors showed by high state anxiety individuals (Bishop et al., 2004) and with a reduced executive control in trait anxious subjects (Pacheco-Unguetti et al., 2010). Taken together, these five studies stress the privileged integration of visual and tactile stimuli inside PPS and its permeability to emotional related states.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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