One of the most important concepts in Ancient philosophy is λόγος, usually translated as “reason”. Nevertheless, its etymology refers to a semantic area concerning relation, deriving from the verb λέγειν. But which type of relation is involved in such term? is it possible to interpret it ontologically? and what are the implications for Metaphysics? The reflection on λόγος is wide, characterized by multiple approaches, but rarely focused on this crucial relational aspect, both from an ontological and metaphysical point of view. Moreover, it is absent a discussion regarding new perspectives possible by stressing on what entails from an account that considers the main role of relation in interpreting λόγος. What changes in considering Logic from this point of view? What about Man as ζῷον λόγον ἔχον, if we recognize the roots of λόγος deep in a relational dynamic? These questions reveal the reason why I decided to dedicate my study to it. After an introductory section dedicated to the etymology of this term, I address my attention to the ontological argument, wherein Martin Heidegger’s work will be pivotal. The German philosopher dedicated many efforts to the comprehension of this ancient word, how it results evident by the multiple times in which it is discussed within his publications. ow it results evident by the multiple times in which it is discussed within his publications. Among the others, especially his most know work Being and Time, we will consider the courses he held on Aristotle and his Introduction to Metaphysics that, as for example his lectures on Heraclitus’ fragments, display a different approach in his ontological account. Indeed, in the later stage of his philosophical engagement, Heidegger seems to address his interest towards the fundamental ontological question from another perspective, in which his concern on λόγος finds an important development, not only for its relation to language or, at least, not only in comparison to the human language. For the metaphysical section, the dialogical comparison will be held with Aristotle, the philosopher who firstly proposed a systematic investigation to express λόγος itself. In the works collected under the title Organon, the Greek thinker outlines the ways in which reporting the elements gathered from the experience into a λόγος, here considered as speech, i.e. a form of expressive articulation. In the Categories, Aristotle defines the simple elements of a sentence. Among them, the one to which I will dedicate more attention is that about πρός τι, namely relatives, so to show the differences between them and that kind of relation that λόγος is. Moreover, On Interpretation will be the second “logical” treatise to be considered, since it represents Aristotle’s discussion on the possibility to gather the predicates in a more complex fashion, it is to say in sentences. Other passages from On the Soul, Nicomachean Ethics and Posterior Analytics will be presented to support the argument. My attitude in dealing with both these authors, Aristotle and Heidegger, won’t be a systematic philological or historical comment on their elaborations. Nor will it be an attempt at interpretation from an innovative perspective, but rather a fecund exchange which is inspired by some of their accounts, attempting to say something different. This demonstrates to be also the reason why I decided to refer to some works instead of others. In the last section, I’m concluding these reflections by trying to resume the elements of the previous chapters through the proposition of some possible progresses since the premises discussed as, for example, the comparison between λόγος as relation and the concept of “system”.
Uno dei concetti più importanti nella filosofia antica è quello di λόγος, solitamente tradotto come "ragione". Tuttavia, la sua etimologia si riferisce ad un'area semantica riguardante la relazione, derivante dal verbo λέγειν. Ma quale tipo di relazione è implicata in questo termine? è possibile interpretarlo ontologicamente? e quali sono le implicazioni per la metafisica? La riflessione su λόγος è ampia, caratterizzata da molteplici approcci, ma raramente focalizzata su questo aspetto relazionale, sia da un punto di vista ontologico che da quello metafisico. Inoltre, è assente una discussione riguardo a possibili prospettive conseguenti premesse che considerano il ruolo della relazione nell'interpretazione del λόγος. Cosa cambia nel considerare la Logica da questo punto di vista? Che dire dell'uomo come ζῷον λόγον ἔχον, se riconosciamo le radici del λόγος in una dinamica relazionale? Queste domande rivelano il motivo per cui ho deciso di dedicare il mio studio ad esso. Dopo una sezione introduttiva dedicata all’etimologia di questo termine, rivolgo la mia attenzione all'argomento ontologico, in cui sarà cruciale il lavoro di Martin Heidegger. Il filosofo tedesco ha dedicato molti sforzi alla comprensione di questa antica parola, come risulta evidente dalle molteplici volte in cui viene discussa all'interno delle sue pubblicazioni. Tra gli altri, in particolare il suo lavoro più noto Essere e tempo, considereremo i corsi che ha tenuto su Aristotele e la sua Introduzione alla metafisica che, come ad esempio le sue lezioni sui frammenti di Eraclito, mostrano un approccio diverso nella sua analisi ontologica. Certamente, nella fase più tarda del suo impegno filosofico, Heidegger sembra indirizzare il suo interesse verso la questione ontologica fondamentale da un'altra prospettiva, in cui la preoccupazione sul λόγος trova uno sviluppo importante, non solo per la sua relazione con il linguaggio o, almeno, non solo. Per la sezione metafisica, il confronto dialogico si svolgerà con Aristotele, il filosofo che per primo propose un'indagine sistematica per esprimere il λόγος stesso. Nelle opere raccolte sotto il titolo Organon, il pensatore greco delinea i modi in cui riportare gli elementi raccolti dall'esperienza nel λόγος, qui considerato come discorso, cioè una forma di articolazione espressiva. Nelle Categorie, Aristotele definisce gli elementi semplici di una frase. Tra questi, quello a cui dedicherò più attenzione è quello di πρός τι, cioè i relativi, per rimarcare le differenze tra loro e quel tipo di relazione che è λόγος. Inoltre, Sull’interpretazione sarà il secondo trattato "logico" da considerare, poiché rappresenta la discussione di Aristotele sulla possibilità di raccogliere i predicati in un modo più complesso, vale a dire nelle frasi. Per supportare l’argomento, saranno presentati altri passaggi tratti da Sull’anima, Etica Nicomachea e Analitici posteriori. Il mio atteggiamento nei confronti di entrambi questi autori, Aristotele e Heidegger, non sarà un sistematico commento filologico o storico sulle loro elaborazioni. Né sarà un tentativo di interpretazione da una prospettiva innovativa, ma piuttosto uno scambio fecondo che si ispira ad alcuni dei loro assunti, cercando di dire qualcosa di diverso. Questa dimostra di essere anche la ragione per cui ho deciso di fare riferimento ad alcune opere piuttosto che ad altre. Nell'ultima sezione, concluderò queste riflessioni cercando di riprendere gli elementi dei capitoli precedenti attraverso la proposta di alcuni possibili sviluppi date le premesse trattate nelle pagine precedenti come, ad esempio, il confronto tra λόγος come relazione e il concetto di "sistema" .
(2018). Λόγος as relation: considerations between Heidegger and Aristotle. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
Λόγος as relation: considerations between Heidegger and Aristotle
BARTOLINI, ELENA
2018
Abstract
One of the most important concepts in Ancient philosophy is λόγος, usually translated as “reason”. Nevertheless, its etymology refers to a semantic area concerning relation, deriving from the verb λέγειν. But which type of relation is involved in such term? is it possible to interpret it ontologically? and what are the implications for Metaphysics? The reflection on λόγος is wide, characterized by multiple approaches, but rarely focused on this crucial relational aspect, both from an ontological and metaphysical point of view. Moreover, it is absent a discussion regarding new perspectives possible by stressing on what entails from an account that considers the main role of relation in interpreting λόγος. What changes in considering Logic from this point of view? What about Man as ζῷον λόγον ἔχον, if we recognize the roots of λόγος deep in a relational dynamic? These questions reveal the reason why I decided to dedicate my study to it. After an introductory section dedicated to the etymology of this term, I address my attention to the ontological argument, wherein Martin Heidegger’s work will be pivotal. The German philosopher dedicated many efforts to the comprehension of this ancient word, how it results evident by the multiple times in which it is discussed within his publications. ow it results evident by the multiple times in which it is discussed within his publications. Among the others, especially his most know work Being and Time, we will consider the courses he held on Aristotle and his Introduction to Metaphysics that, as for example his lectures on Heraclitus’ fragments, display a different approach in his ontological account. Indeed, in the later stage of his philosophical engagement, Heidegger seems to address his interest towards the fundamental ontological question from another perspective, in which his concern on λόγος finds an important development, not only for its relation to language or, at least, not only in comparison to the human language. For the metaphysical section, the dialogical comparison will be held with Aristotle, the philosopher who firstly proposed a systematic investigation to express λόγος itself. In the works collected under the title Organon, the Greek thinker outlines the ways in which reporting the elements gathered from the experience into a λόγος, here considered as speech, i.e. a form of expressive articulation. In the Categories, Aristotle defines the simple elements of a sentence. Among them, the one to which I will dedicate more attention is that about πρός τι, namely relatives, so to show the differences between them and that kind of relation that λόγος is. Moreover, On Interpretation will be the second “logical” treatise to be considered, since it represents Aristotle’s discussion on the possibility to gather the predicates in a more complex fashion, it is to say in sentences. Other passages from On the Soul, Nicomachean Ethics and Posterior Analytics will be presented to support the argument. My attitude in dealing with both these authors, Aristotle and Heidegger, won’t be a systematic philological or historical comment on their elaborations. Nor will it be an attempt at interpretation from an innovative perspective, but rather a fecund exchange which is inspired by some of their accounts, attempting to say something different. This demonstrates to be also the reason why I decided to refer to some works instead of others. In the last section, I’m concluding these reflections by trying to resume the elements of the previous chapters through the proposition of some possible progresses since the premises discussed as, for example, the comparison between λόγος as relation and the concept of “system”.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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