Abstract The recent and massive spread of digital technologies has brought along radical changes in educational and training environments, triggering a growing debate on how and if such devices can/must become part of younger children’s everyday life, even though their use is already widespread in many households and educational frameworks. The present research unfolds within this scenery, it deals with the relationship between children below the age of three and digital technologies from a pedagogic perspective, and aims at investigating both touch technologies exploration and use experience in young children, and ideas, representations, and doubts of parents and educators about such phenomenon. The study method is based on the combination of educational qualitative research process (such as observation and focus groups) with data collecting and analysis tools typical of a quantitative approach (notably, questionnaires), according to the rationalist point of view of the research from which the mixed methods theory ensued. After starting a systematic review of the literature on this subject, the explorative stage of the research started with the creation of a series of focus groups with parents and educators operating within educational services for early childhood, in order to investigate the adult’s representations regarding the exposure of children below 3 years of age to touch devices and, at the same time, to formulate questions for a questionnaire to be handed out to parents. The data collected proved that Italian children as well access digital devices at a very young age and the use of technology increases with age. As regards their using habits of touch-screen media, questionnaires revealed that watching videos, mostly cartoons, is the predominant activity, followed by listening to music and using apps devised to teach them: colors, shapes, alphabet letters, or leisure apps such as puzzle and memory games. The parents seem barely prepared to select the digital contents accessible to their children, loosely directing towards free apps or those advertised as “educational”, without questioning the real quality of the software. Only a minority declares lacking the necessary skills to make a reasoned choice, although acknowledging its importance. The data collected also highlight very diverse levels of awareness in the parents and the existence of habits that seem in partial contradiction with the worries they declared. It is amazing that, although many parents think that the early introduction of touch devices might increase the risks for the children’s psychical and physical health, cause addiction and affect their social relationships negatively, at least a part of them admits using technologies to calm and entertain the children starting from the first year of life, and increasing the habit with age. At the same time, a lot of parents, avoiding a superficial contraposition between favorable and contrary, prefer to maintain a mildly critic position towards their children’s digital mastering and declare a shared use of DT in their own households. Educators seem to be more aware and worried, questioning themselves over the role that educational services should take in the process of accompanying the children towards digital mastering and supporting the parents dealing with the fine-tuning of a balanced “digital diet”, necessary to “nourish” the digital natives, to enable them to exploit the DT potential while avoiding possible dangers arising from an excessive and indiscriminate use.
La recente e massiccia diffusione di tecnologie digitali ha profondamente modificato gli ambienti educativi e formativi, diffondendo un crescente dibattito su come e se tali dispositivi possono/devono entrare a far parte anche della vita dei bambini più piccoli, sebbene il loro uso sia già diventato una realtà nelle case di molti di loro e in alcuni contesti educativi. All'interno di questo scenario si inserisce la presente ricerca, che riguarda, secondo una prospettiva pedagogica, lo studio del rapporto tra bambini al di sotto dei 3 anni e le tecnologie digitali e che ha come obiettivo quello di indagare da un lato l’esperienza di esplorazione e utilizzo delle tecnologie touch da parte dei bambini piccoli, dall'altro le idee, le rappresentazioni, i dubbi di genitori ed educatori in merito a tale fenomeno. Il percorso di indagine ha utilizzato un metodo che combina gli strumenti della ricerca qualitativa in ambito educativo (osservazione, focus group) con strumenti di raccolta e di analisi propri dell'approccio quantitativo (in particolare il questionario) secondo la visione pragmatista della ricerca da cui è emersa la teoria dei mixed methods. Dopo avere iniziato una sistematica review della letteratura, è stata avviata la fase esplorativa della ricerca attraverso la realizzazione di una serie di focus group con genitori ed educatori che operano all'interno di servizi educativi per la prima infanzia allo scopo di indagare le rappresentazioni degli adulti in merito all'esposizione di bambini al di sotto dei 3 anni ai dispositivi touch e, nel contempo, di formulare le domande di un questionario da somministrare ai genitori. I dati analizzati hanno rivelato che anche i bambini italiani accedono ai dispositivi digitali in età molto precoce e che l'uso delle tecnologie aumenta col crescere dell'età. Per quanto riguarda l'utilizzo che essi fanno dei media touchscreen, dai questionari risulta prevalere la visione di video, in particolare cartoni animati, seguita dall'ascolto di musica e dall'utilizzo di app che propongono giochi pensati per insegnare loro colori, forme, lettere dell'alfabeto o di intrattenimento come puzzle, memory. Scarsa sembra essere la preparazione dei genitori nella scelta dei contenuti digitali destinati ai propri figli, che si orientano piuttosto superficialmente verso le app gratuite oppure verso quelle proposte come "educative", senza interrogarsi sulla loro effettiva qualità. Solo una minoranza dichiara di non disporre dei criteri necessari per orientarsi in tale scelta, pur riconoscendone l'importanza. Le informazioni raccolte rendono conto, inoltre, di livelli di consapevolezza dei genitori molto eterogenei e di pratiche che risultano essere in parte contraddittorie rispetto alle preoccupazioni esplicitate. Colpisce il fatto che, nonostante molti genitori ritengano che l’introduzione dei dispositivi touch in età precoce possa aumentare i rischi per la salute psico-fisica dei bambini, provocare dipendenza e interferire negativamente con le relazioni, almeno una parte di loro ammetta di usare le tecnologie per calmarli e distrarli già a partire dal primo anno di vita e in misura crescente in seguito. Nello stesso tempo sono molti i genitori che, evitando una superficiale contrapposizione tra favorevoli e contrari, preferiscono porsi con atteggiamento cautamente critico nei confronti dell'appropriazione digitale da parte dei figli e dichiarano di utilizzare prevalentemente le TD in modo condiviso. Più consapevoli e preoccupati sembrano essere gli educatori, che si interrogano sul ruolo che i servizi educativi devono svolgere nell'accompagnamento dei bambini all'appropriazione delle tecnologie e nel supporto ai genitori alle prese con la definizione della "dieta digitale" più equilibrata con cui "nutrire" i nativi digitali, in modo che essi possano sfruttare le potenzialità delle tecnologie evitando gli eventuali rischi provenienti da un uso eccessivo e acritico.
(2018). Bambini e tecnologie digitali:opportunità, rischi e prospettive di ricerca. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
Bambini e tecnologie digitali:opportunità, rischi e prospettive di ricerca
RIPAMONTI, DONATA ANTONELLA
2018
Abstract
Abstract The recent and massive spread of digital technologies has brought along radical changes in educational and training environments, triggering a growing debate on how and if such devices can/must become part of younger children’s everyday life, even though their use is already widespread in many households and educational frameworks. The present research unfolds within this scenery, it deals with the relationship between children below the age of three and digital technologies from a pedagogic perspective, and aims at investigating both touch technologies exploration and use experience in young children, and ideas, representations, and doubts of parents and educators about such phenomenon. The study method is based on the combination of educational qualitative research process (such as observation and focus groups) with data collecting and analysis tools typical of a quantitative approach (notably, questionnaires), according to the rationalist point of view of the research from which the mixed methods theory ensued. After starting a systematic review of the literature on this subject, the explorative stage of the research started with the creation of a series of focus groups with parents and educators operating within educational services for early childhood, in order to investigate the adult’s representations regarding the exposure of children below 3 years of age to touch devices and, at the same time, to formulate questions for a questionnaire to be handed out to parents. The data collected proved that Italian children as well access digital devices at a very young age and the use of technology increases with age. As regards their using habits of touch-screen media, questionnaires revealed that watching videos, mostly cartoons, is the predominant activity, followed by listening to music and using apps devised to teach them: colors, shapes, alphabet letters, or leisure apps such as puzzle and memory games. The parents seem barely prepared to select the digital contents accessible to their children, loosely directing towards free apps or those advertised as “educational”, without questioning the real quality of the software. Only a minority declares lacking the necessary skills to make a reasoned choice, although acknowledging its importance. The data collected also highlight very diverse levels of awareness in the parents and the existence of habits that seem in partial contradiction with the worries they declared. It is amazing that, although many parents think that the early introduction of touch devices might increase the risks for the children’s psychical and physical health, cause addiction and affect their social relationships negatively, at least a part of them admits using technologies to calm and entertain the children starting from the first year of life, and increasing the habit with age. At the same time, a lot of parents, avoiding a superficial contraposition between favorable and contrary, prefer to maintain a mildly critic position towards their children’s digital mastering and declare a shared use of DT in their own households. Educators seem to be more aware and worried, questioning themselves over the role that educational services should take in the process of accompanying the children towards digital mastering and supporting the parents dealing with the fine-tuning of a balanced “digital diet”, necessary to “nourish” the digital natives, to enable them to exploit the DT potential while avoiding possible dangers arising from an excessive and indiscriminate use.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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