Gene expression programming coupled with unsupervised learning: A two-stage learning process in multi-scale, short-termwater demand forecasts

This article proposes a new general approach in short-term water demand forecasting based on a two-stage learning process that couples time-series clustering with gene expression programming (GEP). The approach was tested on the real life water demand data of the city of Milan, in Italy. Moreover, multi-scale modeling using a series of head-time was deployed to investigate the optimum temporal resolution under study. Multi-scale modeling was performed based on rearranging hourly based patterns of water demand into 3, 6, 12, and 24 h lead times. Results showed that GEP should receive more attention among the emerging nonlinear modelling techniques if coupled with unsupervised learning algorithms in detailed spherical k-means.