Today, the administrative judge is not the judge of the “fundamental” rights affected by the administrative powers. According to the jurisprudence of the Court of cassation, pronouncing as judge of the distribution of competences between administrative and ordinary jurisdiction, the administrative judge can decide on “fundamental” rights only when they fall among the fields belonging to his exclusive jurisdiction. This theory was elaborated by the same Court almost forty years ago, when it recognized the non-degradability of a “fundamental” right, which would flow as individual right from the Constitution to the individuals and which could not become a legitimate interest even if it faces the administrative power. On the one hand, this because the legitimate interest has been considered – for a long time – a legal position unable to ensure an adequate protection to the special value of the fundamental rights. On the other hand, this theory was conceived as an answer to a practical issue: to overcome the inadequacy of the judicial protection the administrative judge could offer to all the legal positions belonging to his jurisdiction, both “fundamental” or not. Formally denying the presence of public powers in the dispute involving “fundamental” rights, the ordinary judge has been able to syndicate the legitimacy of the administrative action, becoming a model for the protection the administrative judge should have guaranteed to the legal position object of his decisions. As any emergency solution, this cannot be considered an efficient response on the long term: beyond the lack of theoretical foundations, its inefficiency descends from the uncertainty of the boundaries of the “fundamental” rights as legal positions. Beyond the introduction of an additional variable that complicates the identification of the responsible judge, the risk was that of being in presence of two different legal safeguards for equally “fundamental” legal positions, according to the recognition of this fundamentality by the judge. Thus the importance of solving this problem. Therefore, it has been necessary to go into the heart of public law: the Constitution and the values subject to its recognition and protection, to argue for the opportunity to lead them back to the two legal positions provided for by the same “Fundamental” law, both individual rights and legitimate interests. Moreover, the process of overcoming this emergency is allowed by the recognition, both in doctrine and case-law, of the legitimate interest as a concrete position that arises and has dialogue with the administrative power to allow a full protection of the private interest inside a public-law relationship. Finally, the changes the administrative judge and process have undergone, culminated in the adoption of the code of the administrative process, have enormously resized the sense of urgency derived from the inefficiency of its protection, providing it with all the instruments that the ordinary judge had adopted to protect the “fundamental” rights affected by the administrative powers. Rather than the civilization of the administrative judge, this has caused his constitutionalisation, being provided with the necessary instruments to guarantee the effective protection of the individual position involved in the exercise of official authority, both “fundamental” or not. Admitting that this emergency has been overcome would therefore not exclude the complete safeguard of the “fundamental” legal positions, but it would also guarantee the respect of other constitutional provisions, such as those which recognize the administrative judge as a fundamental element of our institutional balance and, therefore, guarantee his specific responsibilities.
Ad oggi, il giudice amministrativo non è il giudice ordinario dei diritti “fondamentali” incisi dai pubblici poteri. Secondo l’orientamento tracciato dalla Corte di cassazione, come arbitro del riparto di giurisdizione, il giudice amministrativo può conoscere dei diritti “fondamentali” solo qualora ricadano in una materia di giurisdizione esclusiva. Ciò come eredità di una teoria elaborata dallo stesso giudice ordinario quarant’anni fa, capace di sancire l’indegradabilità come conseguenza naturale del carattere fondamentale di una posizione giuridica, in modo che essa nasca come diritto soggettivo in Costituzione e possa superare indenne il confronto coi pubblici poteri. Pertanto, i beni oggetto dei diritti “fodamentali” non potrebbero mai ricevere tutela attraverso la categoria degli interessi legittimi. Al di là delle possibili giustificazioni teoriche, tale giurisprudenza fu elaborata come risposta a un’esigenza pratica: far fronte all’inadeguatezza della protezione giurisdizionale offribile dal giudice amministrativo a tutte le situazioni giuridiche oggetto del suo sindacato, “fondamentali” o meno. Formalmente negando la sussistenza di pubblici poteri, il giudice civile ne ha vagliato il legittimo esercizio, per poi fungere da modello quanto ai mezzi che avrebbe dovuto avere a disposizione il giudice amministrativo per un’effettiva tutela delle posizioni giuridiche sottoposte al suo sindacato. Come qualsiasi soluzione emergenziale, però, essa non può considerarsi una risposta efficiente sul lungo periodo: oltre alla carenza dei fondamenti teorici, l’inefficienza consegue dall’incertezza dei limiti della categoria dei diritti “fondamentali”. Sicché, al di là dell’introduzione di un’ulteriore variabile che complica l’individuazione del giudice a cui rivolgersi, il rischio era quello di vedere attribuite due tutele differenti a fronte di situazioni giuridiche parimenti “fondamentali”, a seconda del riconoscimento o meno, da parte del giudice, di tale fondamentalità. Da ciò l’importanza di risolvere l’emergenza. Per questo motivo si è ritenuto necessario spingersi sino al cuore del diritto pubblico, alla Costituzione e ai beni ivi oggetto di riconoscimento e protezione, per argomentare l’opportunità di ricondurli alle due situazioni giuridiche soggettive previste dalla stessa Norma fondamentale, sia i diritti soggettivi che gli interessi legittimi. Ancora, il superamento dell’emergenza è permesso dal riconoscimento, in dottrina e giurisprudenza, dell’interesse legittimo come posizione sostanziale, che sorge e dialoga con il potere amministrativo in modo da consentire la piena protezione dell’interesse privato nell’ambito di un rapporto di diritto pubblico. Infine, le trasformazioni che hanno caratterizzato il giudice e il processo amministrativi, culminate con l’adozione del codice del processo amministrativo, hanno enormemente ridimensionato il senso di emergenza che conseguiva dall’inefficienza della sua tutela, dotandolo di tutti quegli strumenti che il giudice ordinario si era riconosciuto ai fini della tutela dei diritti “fondamentali” incisi dall’azione amministrativa. Da ciò, pertanto, più che la civilizzazione del giudice amministrativo, è conseguita la sua costituzionalizzazione, risultando lo stesso dotato degli strumenti necessari e idonei a garantire la protezione effettiva della posizione del privato coinvolta nell’esercizio dei poteri pubblici, sia essa “fondamentale” o meno. Ammettere come superata l’emergenza, dunque, non escluderebbe la piena salvaguardia delle posizioni giuridiche “fondamentali”, ma per di più garantirebbe il rispetto di altre previsioni costituzionali quali quelle che riconoscono nel giudice amministrato una componente irrinunciabile del nostro equilibrio istituzionale e, conseguentemente, ne garantiscono le specifiche attribuzioni.
(2018). Gli interessi legittimi “fondamentali”. Il giudice amministrativo e le situazioni giuridiche di rilievo costituzionale. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
Gli interessi legittimi “fondamentali”. Il giudice amministrativo e le situazioni giuridiche di rilievo costituzionale
GALLI, LUCA
2018
Abstract
Today, the administrative judge is not the judge of the “fundamental” rights affected by the administrative powers. According to the jurisprudence of the Court of cassation, pronouncing as judge of the distribution of competences between administrative and ordinary jurisdiction, the administrative judge can decide on “fundamental” rights only when they fall among the fields belonging to his exclusive jurisdiction. This theory was elaborated by the same Court almost forty years ago, when it recognized the non-degradability of a “fundamental” right, which would flow as individual right from the Constitution to the individuals and which could not become a legitimate interest even if it faces the administrative power. On the one hand, this because the legitimate interest has been considered – for a long time – a legal position unable to ensure an adequate protection to the special value of the fundamental rights. On the other hand, this theory was conceived as an answer to a practical issue: to overcome the inadequacy of the judicial protection the administrative judge could offer to all the legal positions belonging to his jurisdiction, both “fundamental” or not. Formally denying the presence of public powers in the dispute involving “fundamental” rights, the ordinary judge has been able to syndicate the legitimacy of the administrative action, becoming a model for the protection the administrative judge should have guaranteed to the legal position object of his decisions. As any emergency solution, this cannot be considered an efficient response on the long term: beyond the lack of theoretical foundations, its inefficiency descends from the uncertainty of the boundaries of the “fundamental” rights as legal positions. Beyond the introduction of an additional variable that complicates the identification of the responsible judge, the risk was that of being in presence of two different legal safeguards for equally “fundamental” legal positions, according to the recognition of this fundamentality by the judge. Thus the importance of solving this problem. Therefore, it has been necessary to go into the heart of public law: the Constitution and the values subject to its recognition and protection, to argue for the opportunity to lead them back to the two legal positions provided for by the same “Fundamental” law, both individual rights and legitimate interests. Moreover, the process of overcoming this emergency is allowed by the recognition, both in doctrine and case-law, of the legitimate interest as a concrete position that arises and has dialogue with the administrative power to allow a full protection of the private interest inside a public-law relationship. Finally, the changes the administrative judge and process have undergone, culminated in the adoption of the code of the administrative process, have enormously resized the sense of urgency derived from the inefficiency of its protection, providing it with all the instruments that the ordinary judge had adopted to protect the “fundamental” rights affected by the administrative powers. Rather than the civilization of the administrative judge, this has caused his constitutionalisation, being provided with the necessary instruments to guarantee the effective protection of the individual position involved in the exercise of official authority, both “fundamental” or not. Admitting that this emergency has been overcome would therefore not exclude the complete safeguard of the “fundamental” legal positions, but it would also guarantee the respect of other constitutional provisions, such as those which recognize the administrative judge as a fundamental element of our institutional balance and, therefore, guarantee his specific responsibilities.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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