This PhD project derives from the need of expanding the focus of current biodiversity impact assessment in supply chains and improving the modeling of impacts on biodiversity in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) to support the evaluation of supply chains towards sustainability. In fact, in a world where significant losses in biodiversity are threatening the stability of the living systems on which human wellbeing depends, it becomes urgent to understand the close relationship between the humankind and the natural environment from the sustainability point of view. This study falls within the research field of Sustainability Science and is focused on the development of innovative models and indicators for a “more ecological” Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), able to assess the sustainability of products and services by comprehensively accounting for many aspects of biodiversity. From the explored state of the art, some research needs at different levels of interest were identified to improve the ecological considerations in LCA. Based on these premises, my project is developed on three main levels: • Target species. Insect pollinators are addressed as target group for biodiversity protection in LCA. This decision, specifically the choice of honey bees as target species, derives from the functional role pollinators play not only in maintaining ecosystem functioning, but also in relation to the socio-economic benefits they bring to humans globally (food security is a remarkable example). In my thesis, the main anthropogenic impacts on pollinators are described, as well as the modelling needs to account for them in LCIA. Recommendations on how future research should be oriented to improve the current models and how new indicators should be developed are proposed. Based on these, a methodological study is performed and novel characterization factors for honey bees’ exposure to pesticides are developed as starting point for quantifying the toxicological impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. • Impact categories: Enhancing the transition towards a bio-economy, while ensuring the sustainable use of resources, represent one of the main goals for Sustainable Growth. According to this, biotic resources, with a focus on the naturally occurring ones, are addressed in LCA by proposing a new impact category, and a novel impact pathway that shows the links between resource provision and biodiversity is defined, focusing on a midpoint indicator that can play a role in resource ranking. • Interaction between impacts: The cross-cutting nature of bio-economy represents the opportunity for comprehensively addressing the inter-connected challenges, as natural resource scarcity and food security, while achieving sustainable economic growth and ensuring the integrity of ecosystems. On this background, the Nexus concept (i.e. understanding and managing the interactions and connections between the sectoral demands of constrained natural resources and the role of provisioning ecosystem services), is explored and a discussion on how LCA can be applied for depicting a win-win strategy of global resources management is presented.
Il mio progetto deriva dalla necessità di migliorare la modellizzazione degli impatti su di essa nel contesto Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) al fine di supportare la valutazione delle filiere verso la sostenibilità. Infatti, in un mondo in cui la perdita di biodiversità minaccia la stabilità degli ecosistemi da cui dipende il benessere umano, diventa urgente analizzare la relazione tra uomo e ambiente naturale dal punto di vista della sostenibilità. Questo lavoro rientra nel campo di ricerca della Scienza della Sostenibilità ed è dedicata allo sviluppo di modelli e indicatori innovativi per una metodologia LCA “più ecologica”, in grado di valutare la sostenibilità di prodotti e servizi includendo numerosi aspetti della biodiversità. Dallo stato dell'arte esplorato, sono state identificate alcune lacune concettuali e metodologiche, su diversi livelli, da colmare per migliorare le considerazioni ecologiche in LCA. Il mio progetto si sviluppa quindi su tre livelli principali: • Specie target. Gli impollinatori rappresentano un importante gruppo target per la protezione della biodiversità in LCA, grazie al loro ruolo sia nel mantenimento del funzionamento degli ecosistemi sia per i benefici socioeconomici che portano all'uomo a livello mondiale (la sicurezza alimentare ne è un esempio). Nella mia tesi sono descritti i principali impatti antropogenici sugli impollinatori che i modelli in LCA dovrebbero tenere in considerazione. Sono inoltre proposte alcune raccomandazioni su come la futura ricerca dovrà essere orientata per migliorare i modelli attuali e sviluppare nuovi indicatori. Sulla base di ciò, è stato poi svolto uno studio metodologico in cui vengono elaborati nuovi fattori di caratterizzazione per l'esposizione delle api, scelte come specie target, ai pesticidi come punto di partenza per quantificare gli impatti tossicologici sugli ecosistemi terrestri. • Categorie d'impatto. Migliorare la transizione verso una bioeconomia, garantendo l'utilizzo sostenibile delle risorse, rappresenta uno degli obiettivi principali della crescita sostenibile. Nella mia tesi, una nuova categoria d’impatto comprendente le risorse biotiche, con particolare attenzione a quelle direttamente provenienti dalla natura, viene proposta definendo un nuovo impact pathway che mostra i collegamenti tra la fornitura di risorse e la biodiversità, concentrandosi su un indicatore che può svolgere un ruolo di classificazione delle risorse sulla base della loro natura rinnovabile. • Interazione tra impatti. La natura trasversale della bioeconomia dà l’opportunità di affrontare problematiche tra loro interconnesse come la scarsità delle risorse naturali e la sicurezza alimentare, garantendo una crescita economica sostenibile e l'integrità degli ecosistemi. Ho così esplorato il concetto di Nexus, che si fonda sulla comprensione e gestione delle interazioni tra le domande settoriali di risorse naturali e il ruolo dei servizi ecosistemici di approvvigionamento, e come la metodologia LCA possa essere applicata per definire una strategia win-win di gestione delle risorse a livello globale.
(2018). Novel models and indicators for characterizing impacts on biodiversity in Life Cycle Impact Assessment. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
Novel models and indicators for characterizing impacts on biodiversity in Life Cycle Impact Assessment
CRENNA, ELEONORA
2018
Abstract
This PhD project derives from the need of expanding the focus of current biodiversity impact assessment in supply chains and improving the modeling of impacts on biodiversity in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) to support the evaluation of supply chains towards sustainability. In fact, in a world where significant losses in biodiversity are threatening the stability of the living systems on which human wellbeing depends, it becomes urgent to understand the close relationship between the humankind and the natural environment from the sustainability point of view. This study falls within the research field of Sustainability Science and is focused on the development of innovative models and indicators for a “more ecological” Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), able to assess the sustainability of products and services by comprehensively accounting for many aspects of biodiversity. From the explored state of the art, some research needs at different levels of interest were identified to improve the ecological considerations in LCA. Based on these premises, my project is developed on three main levels: • Target species. Insect pollinators are addressed as target group for biodiversity protection in LCA. This decision, specifically the choice of honey bees as target species, derives from the functional role pollinators play not only in maintaining ecosystem functioning, but also in relation to the socio-economic benefits they bring to humans globally (food security is a remarkable example). In my thesis, the main anthropogenic impacts on pollinators are described, as well as the modelling needs to account for them in LCIA. Recommendations on how future research should be oriented to improve the current models and how new indicators should be developed are proposed. Based on these, a methodological study is performed and novel characterization factors for honey bees’ exposure to pesticides are developed as starting point for quantifying the toxicological impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. • Impact categories: Enhancing the transition towards a bio-economy, while ensuring the sustainable use of resources, represent one of the main goals for Sustainable Growth. According to this, biotic resources, with a focus on the naturally occurring ones, are addressed in LCA by proposing a new impact category, and a novel impact pathway that shows the links between resource provision and biodiversity is defined, focusing on a midpoint indicator that can play a role in resource ranking. • Interaction between impacts: The cross-cutting nature of bio-economy represents the opportunity for comprehensively addressing the inter-connected challenges, as natural resource scarcity and food security, while achieving sustainable economic growth and ensuring the integrity of ecosystems. On this background, the Nexus concept (i.e. understanding and managing the interactions and connections between the sectoral demands of constrained natural resources and the role of provisioning ecosystem services), is explored and a discussion on how LCA can be applied for depicting a win-win strategy of global resources management is presented.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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