The combination of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electromiography (TMS-EMG) to induce and record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) is a well-known and broadly used paradigm in neuroscience, for both clinical and research purposes. When applying a single TMS pulse over the primary motor cortex a muscle twitch over the contralateral peripheral muscle is induced, which can be amplified and recorded by means of an EMG apparatus. MEPs can be considered a hallmark to non-invasively quantify cortico-spinal and, indirectly, cortical excitability. Typically, TMS is applied over the hand knob and the muscle contraction is recorded from the contralateral hand. One of the main use of MEPs is clinical, such as assessing the state of the motor system and the integrity of cortico-spinal motor pathway. In neuroscientific research, MEPs have been massively used to explore motor functions properties, connectivity and state-changes in the cortical motor system during simple task or decision-making. MEP measurement gained new interest around 20 years ago, when Fadiga and co-workers (1995) showed the possibility to investigate through this technique the properties and functioning of the human mirror system (HMs). HMs is a neural network which is activated not only during action execution but also during action observation, an effect known as motor resonance which has been investigated to evaluate action intention, preparation and to understand the influence of context over action perception. The main theme of the present thesis is providing some examples and critical discussion of how TMS-induced MEPs, as a measure of corticospinal excitability modulations, can be used beyond the assessment of motor function, to explore action understanding, more complex human behavior and higher cognitive functions. The appropriateness of the conclusions drawn from MEP measurements relies on an deep understanding of the complex nature of their physiological underpinnings. For this reason the first chapter of the present work will address the physiological basis and the compound nature of MEPs, characterized by many generators and components. This complexity can render MEPs a sneaky index, hence all the variables that need to be taken into account when deciding to design a study employing this index will be reviewed. In the second and third chapters a set of studies will be presented where MEPs are used as a measure to investigate how human mirror activity is affected by the context in which actions are embedded. Specifically, in the second chapter a set of neuro-economic studies will be illustrated exploring whether the same observed action, conveying different economic outcomes within an economic game, modulates corticospinal excitability as a function of several features, independent from the intrinsic properties of the action, and foreseen by models accounting for human behavior during economic interactions. The third chapter contains a study aiming at investigating whether motor resonance can be affected also by contextual cues with a social connotation, such as the stereotypic perception of the agent. The fourth chapter provides a brief discussion about open questions on the neural network involved in action observation and some future direction about this topic. The fifth chapter will provide an example of another type of use of MEPs, employed in this case to explore a more complex phenomenon in the field of embodied cognition. In particular, we tracked the influence of a peculiar emotional state, such that induced by power experience, over own body schema and surrounding space perception. In the last chapter, the overall conclusions from studies’ results will be drawn and discussed in relation to the specific topic of the comparability across studies and in the broader sense of the potentialities and limits of using MEPs measure to understand more complex behavior.

La stimolazione magnetica transcranica con co-registrazione elettromiografica (TMS-EMG) è una tecnica ampiamente utilizzata nelle neuroscienze cognitive per indurre e registrare potenziali evocati motori (MEPs) a scopi clinici e di ricerca. L’applicazione di un impulso singolo di TMS sulla corteccia motoria primaria (M1) è in grado di elicitare una contrazione nella muscolatura periferica controlaterale che può essere amplificata e registrata attraverso un elettromiografo. I MEPs sono una misura utile per quantificare in modo diretto e non invasivo l’eccitabilità del tratto corticospinale e in modo indiretto l’eccitabilità corticale. Tipicamente la TMS è applicata sulla regione di M1 che rappresenta la mano e la contrazione muscolare viene registrata dall’arto controlaterale. In ambito clinico i MEPs sono utilizzati per valutare lo stato e l’integrità del sistema motorio e del tratto corticospinale. In ambito neuroscientifico, invece, il loro scopo è esplorare le funzioni motorie, la connettività cerebrale e cambiamenti del sistema motorio durante compiti cognitivi. I MEPs hanno guadagnato nuovo interesse quando Fadiga e collaboratori (1995) hanno mostrato la possibilità di indagare le proprietà ed il funzionamento del sistema dei neuroni specchio (SNS) attraverso questa tecnica. Il SNS è un network cerebrale attivo sia durante l’esecuzione di azioni che durante la loro osservazione, dando luogo ad un effetto noto come facilitazione motoria (FM) indagato per valutare l’intenzione, la preparazione e comprendere l’influenza del contesto nella percezione di azioni. Il tema della presente tesi è fornire alcuni esempi e una discussione critica di come i MEPs possano essere utilizzati anche oltre la valutazione delle funzioni motorie al fine di esplorare la comprensione di azioni e altre funzioni cognitive. La bontà delle conclusioni tratte a partire dalla misurazione dei MEPs è subordinata ad un’accurata comprensione della loro complessa natura neurofisiologica. Il primo capitolo della tesi ha quindi lo scopo di fornire una panoramica sulle basi neurofisiologiche dei MEPs, caratterizzate da diversi generatori e componenti. Questa complessità può rendere i MEPs una misurazione subdola, pertanto verranno analizzate le variabili di cui bisogna tenere conto nel disegnare uno studio sperimentale. Nel secondo e terzo capitolo saranno presentati una serie di studi in cui i MEPs sono stati usati come misura per indagare come l’attività del SNS sia influenzata dal contesto delle azioni. Nello specifico nel secondo capitolo sono presentati due studi di neuroeconomia che esplorano come la medesima azione sia in grado di influenzare l’eccitabilità corticospinale, veicolando diverse opzioni monetarie in un gioco economico. Il terzo capitolo contiene uno studio che ha lo scopo di indagare se la risonanza motoria possa essere influenzata da stimoli contestuali con una connotazione sociale, come la percezione dello stereotipo dell’agente. Il quarto capitolo contiene una breve discussione rispetto alle domande ancora aperte riguardanti il network neurale coinvolto nell’osservazione di azioni e alcune direzioni future su questo argomento. Il quinto capitolo fornisce un esempio di un altro tipo di uso dei MEPs, utilizzati in questo caso per esplorare un complesso fenomeno nel campo dell’embodied cognition. In particolare è stato studiato in che modo uno specifico stato emotivo, indotto dall’esperienza di potere, sia in grado di influenzare la percezione del proprio schema corporeo e dello spazio circostante. L’ultimo capitolo, infine, si propone di discutere i risultati degli studi in relazione alle influenze contestuali della risonanza motoria e più in generale di delineare le potenzialità e i limiti dell’uso dei MEPs per studiare il comportamento umano.

(2018). TMS-induced Motor Evoked Potentials as a measure for human behaviour: feasibility and pitfalls.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).

TMS-induced Motor Evoked Potentials as a measure for human behaviour: feasibility and pitfalls.

VERGALLITO, ALESSANDRA
2018

Abstract

The combination of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electromiography (TMS-EMG) to induce and record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) is a well-known and broadly used paradigm in neuroscience, for both clinical and research purposes. When applying a single TMS pulse over the primary motor cortex a muscle twitch over the contralateral peripheral muscle is induced, which can be amplified and recorded by means of an EMG apparatus. MEPs can be considered a hallmark to non-invasively quantify cortico-spinal and, indirectly, cortical excitability. Typically, TMS is applied over the hand knob and the muscle contraction is recorded from the contralateral hand. One of the main use of MEPs is clinical, such as assessing the state of the motor system and the integrity of cortico-spinal motor pathway. In neuroscientific research, MEPs have been massively used to explore motor functions properties, connectivity and state-changes in the cortical motor system during simple task or decision-making. MEP measurement gained new interest around 20 years ago, when Fadiga and co-workers (1995) showed the possibility to investigate through this technique the properties and functioning of the human mirror system (HMs). HMs is a neural network which is activated not only during action execution but also during action observation, an effect known as motor resonance which has been investigated to evaluate action intention, preparation and to understand the influence of context over action perception. The main theme of the present thesis is providing some examples and critical discussion of how TMS-induced MEPs, as a measure of corticospinal excitability modulations, can be used beyond the assessment of motor function, to explore action understanding, more complex human behavior and higher cognitive functions. The appropriateness of the conclusions drawn from MEP measurements relies on an deep understanding of the complex nature of their physiological underpinnings. For this reason the first chapter of the present work will address the physiological basis and the compound nature of MEPs, characterized by many generators and components. This complexity can render MEPs a sneaky index, hence all the variables that need to be taken into account when deciding to design a study employing this index will be reviewed. In the second and third chapters a set of studies will be presented where MEPs are used as a measure to investigate how human mirror activity is affected by the context in which actions are embedded. Specifically, in the second chapter a set of neuro-economic studies will be illustrated exploring whether the same observed action, conveying different economic outcomes within an economic game, modulates corticospinal excitability as a function of several features, independent from the intrinsic properties of the action, and foreseen by models accounting for human behavior during economic interactions. The third chapter contains a study aiming at investigating whether motor resonance can be affected also by contextual cues with a social connotation, such as the stereotypic perception of the agent. The fourth chapter provides a brief discussion about open questions on the neural network involved in action observation and some future direction about this topic. The fifth chapter will provide an example of another type of use of MEPs, employed in this case to explore a more complex phenomenon in the field of embodied cognition. In particular, we tracked the influence of a peculiar emotional state, such that induced by power experience, over own body schema and surrounding space perception. In the last chapter, the overall conclusions from studies’ results will be drawn and discussed in relation to the specific topic of the comparability across studies and in the broader sense of the potentialities and limits of using MEPs measure to understand more complex behavior.
ROMERO LAURO, LEONOR JOSEFINA
MEPs,; corticospinal; excitability,; motor; facilitation
MEPs,; corticospinal; excitability,; motor; facilitation
M-PSI/02 - PSICOBIOLOGIA E PSICOLOGIA FISIOLOGICA
English
20-feb-2018
PSICOLOGIA, LINGUISTICA E NEUROSCIENZE COGNITIVE - 77R
30
2016/2017
open
(2018). TMS-induced Motor Evoked Potentials as a measure for human behaviour: feasibility and pitfalls.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/199071
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