Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) have a high incidence in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and represent a huge additional problem for caregivers in patients’ management. Thus, the additional help of qualified staff is frequently needed, leading to patients’ premature institutionalization and, therefore, increasing the costs of healthcare. Even though the causes of these anomalies have not been clarified yet, several studies hypothesized the involvement of the immune system. For example, systemic inflammatory states have been demonstrated to influence BPSD-like manifestations in sepsis mouse models and, similarly, delirium clinical condition suggested the contribution of peripheral immune responses in the genesis of behavioural disturbances. In light of these evidences, the TSPO/DBI system seems an interesting target to investigate. Indeed, it is expressed in CNS, where it is upregulated following neuroinflammation but it has also been identified in periphery and, here, it has been shown to be altered in different neuropsychiatric conditions. Moreover, it is responsible for the biosynthesis of neurosteroids, which have been demonstrated to be involved in mood control through their GABAA receptor modulatory action, and its activation pathway influences BDNF production, which is important for neuronal circuits. In addition, TSPO has displayed the ability to regulate monocytes chemotaxis and this process, together with neutrophils migration towards AD brain, is fundamental to sustain neuroinflammation. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the TSPO/DBI system in AD patients as well as in healthy controls, in order to identify possible alterations that could influence BPSD manifestations, with particular attention to agitation/aggression symptoms. Moreover, to verify the disease-specificity of these putative variations, we also analysed the same system in an MCI cohort and in a group of patients diagnosed with non-determined cognitive impairment (NDCI). Our interest was addressed not only to TSPO-dependent neurosteroidogenic pathway but also to TSPO-regulated monocytes migration. Moreover, we explored neutrophils infiltration in mouse models of AD (APP/PS1) as well as NLRP3-inflammasome deficiency superimposed on AD background (APP/PS1/Nlrp3-/-). Indeed, NLRP3 complex has been shown to be triggered by Neutrophils Extracellular Traps (NETs) that are released by activated neutrophils in brain parenchyma. Our results showed that TSPO endogenous ligand (DBI) is increased in serum of AD patients compared to controls, although there are no significant differences neither in TSPO nor in the products of its activation pathway between the two cohorts. However, dichotomizing AD subjects according to the absence or presence of agitation/aggression symptoms, the same parameters above-mentioned were almost identical in the two groups, suggesting that the TSPO/DBI system is not implicated in the onset of these disturbances. In addition, since we detected higher DBI serum levels in MCI as well as NDCI subjects compared to controls, we propose that this peptide more likely represents a marker of degeneration rather than AD pathology and this hypothesis is further supported by the correlation we found between DBI and t-tau in the CSF of AD patients. Also, given the correlation of serum DBI concentration to its CSF one, we speculated the existence of a relationship between these two compartments. On the other hand, we demonstrated that not only oligomeric Aβ influences monocytes chemotaxis but also that this process is much more stimulated in cells isolated from AD patients than in the ones from controls. Lastly, we confirmed that neutrophils infiltrate the brains of APP/PS1 as well as APP/PS1/Nlrp3-/- mice and that they release toxic NETs in the parenchyma. Moreover, this infiltration was more evident in LPS-treated animals, suggesting a role for peripheral inflammatory processes in boosting central neuroinflammation.

I sintomi comportamentali e psicologici della demenza (BPSD) hanno un’alta incidenza nella malattia di Alzheimer (AD) e, rappresentando un enorme problema per i caregiver nella gestione dei pazienti, portano spesso alla loro prematura istituzionalizzazione, aumentando i costi delle cure sanitarie. Nonostante le cause di queste anomalie restino sconosciute, è stato dimostrato che gli stati infiammatori sistemici influiscono sulle manifestazioni simil-BPSD in modelli murini di sepsi e, analogamente, la condizione clinica nota come delirium ha suggerito il contributo delle risposte immunitarie periferiche nella genesi di disturbi comportamentali. Alla luce di queste evidenze, il sistema TSPO/DBI sembra un interessante target da investigare. Infatti, esso è espresso nel SNC, in cui viene up-regolato in seguito a neuroinfiammazione ma è localizzato anche in periferia, dove ha mostrato alterazioni in diverse condizioni neuropsichiatriche. Inoltre, è responsabile della biosintesi dei neurosteroidi, coinvolti nel controllo dell’umore attraverso la loro azione modulatoria sul recettore GABAA, e il suo pathway di attivazione influenza la produzione di BDNF, fondamentale per i circuiti neuronali. In aggiunta, il TSPO ha mostrato la capacità di regolare la chemiotassi monocitaria e questo processo, insieme alla migrazione dei neutrofili verso il cervello AD, è fondamentale per sostenere la neuroinfiammazione. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di esaminare il sistema TSPO/DBI in pazienti AD e in controlli sani, al fine di identificare possibili alterazioni che potessero influenzare le manifestazioni BPSD, con particolare attenzione ai sintomi di agitazione/aggressività. Per verificare la specificità di queste eventuali variazioni, abbiamo anche analizzato lo stesso sistema in una coorte MCI e in un gruppo di pazienti con diagnosi di danno cognitivo non determinato (NDCI). Il nostro interesse è stato indirizzato non solo alla neurosteroidogenesi dipendente dal TSPO ma anche alla migrazione monocitaria che esso regola. In più, abbiamo esplorato l’infiltrazione dei neutrofili in modelli murini di AD per se (APP/PS1) e incrociati con un knock-out per l’inflammasoma NLRP3 (APP/PS1/Nlrp3-/-), un complesso che può essere attivato dalle trappole neutrofile extracellulari (NET) rilasciate nel parenchima cerebrale dai neutrofili attivati. I nostri risultati mostrano che il ligando endogeno del TSPO, noto come DBI, è aumentato nel siero di pazienti AD rispetto ai controlli, sebbene non ci siano differenze significative tra le due coorti né nel TSPO né nei prodotti della sua attivazione. Comunque, dicotomizzando i soggetti AD per la presenza o assenza dei sintomi di agitazione/aggressività, gli stessi parametri menzionati sopra sono risultati quasi identici nei due gruppi, suggerendo che il sistema TSPO/DBI non sia coinvolto nell’insorgenza di questi disturbi. In aggiunta, dal momento che abbiamo individuato maggiori livelli serici di DBI nei soggetti MCI e NDCI rispetto ai controlli, proponiamo che questo peptide probabilmente rappresenti un marcatore di degenerazione piuttosto che di AD e questa ipotesi è ulteriormente supportata dalla correlazione individuata tra i livelli liquorali di DBI e t-tau nei pazienti AD. Inoltre, data la correlazione della concentrazione serica di DBI con quella liquorale, abbiamo speculato l’esistenza di una relazione tra questi due compartimenti. D’altro canto, abbiamo dimostrato non solo che gli oligomeri di Aβ influenzano la chemiotassi monocitaria ma anche che questo processo è molto più stimolato in cellule isolate da pazienti AD che da controlli. Infine, abbiamo confermato che i neutrofili infiltrano il cervello di topi APP/PS1 e APP/PS1/Nlrp3-/- e rilasciano NET tossici nel parenchima. Inoltre, questa infiltrazione è più evidente negli animali trattati con LPS, suggerendo un ruolo dei processi infiammatori periferici nel potenziare la neuroinfiammazione centrale.

(2018). BEHAVIOURAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS OF DEMENTIA: ROLE OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).

BEHAVIOURAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS OF DEMENTIA: ROLE OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.

GRANA, DENISE
2018

Abstract

Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) have a high incidence in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and represent a huge additional problem for caregivers in patients’ management. Thus, the additional help of qualified staff is frequently needed, leading to patients’ premature institutionalization and, therefore, increasing the costs of healthcare. Even though the causes of these anomalies have not been clarified yet, several studies hypothesized the involvement of the immune system. For example, systemic inflammatory states have been demonstrated to influence BPSD-like manifestations in sepsis mouse models and, similarly, delirium clinical condition suggested the contribution of peripheral immune responses in the genesis of behavioural disturbances. In light of these evidences, the TSPO/DBI system seems an interesting target to investigate. Indeed, it is expressed in CNS, where it is upregulated following neuroinflammation but it has also been identified in periphery and, here, it has been shown to be altered in different neuropsychiatric conditions. Moreover, it is responsible for the biosynthesis of neurosteroids, which have been demonstrated to be involved in mood control through their GABAA receptor modulatory action, and its activation pathway influences BDNF production, which is important for neuronal circuits. In addition, TSPO has displayed the ability to regulate monocytes chemotaxis and this process, together with neutrophils migration towards AD brain, is fundamental to sustain neuroinflammation. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the TSPO/DBI system in AD patients as well as in healthy controls, in order to identify possible alterations that could influence BPSD manifestations, with particular attention to agitation/aggression symptoms. Moreover, to verify the disease-specificity of these putative variations, we also analysed the same system in an MCI cohort and in a group of patients diagnosed with non-determined cognitive impairment (NDCI). Our interest was addressed not only to TSPO-dependent neurosteroidogenic pathway but also to TSPO-regulated monocytes migration. Moreover, we explored neutrophils infiltration in mouse models of AD (APP/PS1) as well as NLRP3-inflammasome deficiency superimposed on AD background (APP/PS1/Nlrp3-/-). Indeed, NLRP3 complex has been shown to be triggered by Neutrophils Extracellular Traps (NETs) that are released by activated neutrophils in brain parenchyma. Our results showed that TSPO endogenous ligand (DBI) is increased in serum of AD patients compared to controls, although there are no significant differences neither in TSPO nor in the products of its activation pathway between the two cohorts. However, dichotomizing AD subjects according to the absence or presence of agitation/aggression symptoms, the same parameters above-mentioned were almost identical in the two groups, suggesting that the TSPO/DBI system is not implicated in the onset of these disturbances. In addition, since we detected higher DBI serum levels in MCI as well as NDCI subjects compared to controls, we propose that this peptide more likely represents a marker of degeneration rather than AD pathology and this hypothesis is further supported by the correlation we found between DBI and t-tau in the CSF of AD patients. Also, given the correlation of serum DBI concentration to its CSF one, we speculated the existence of a relationship between these two compartments. On the other hand, we demonstrated that not only oligomeric Aβ influences monocytes chemotaxis but also that this process is much more stimulated in cells isolated from AD patients than in the ones from controls. Lastly, we confirmed that neutrophils infiltrate the brains of APP/PS1 as well as APP/PS1/Nlrp3-/- mice and that they release toxic NETs in the parenchyma. Moreover, this infiltration was more evident in LPS-treated animals, suggesting a role for peripheral inflammatory processes in boosting central neuroinflammation.
TREMOLIZZO, LUCIO
CONTI, ELISA
Alzheimer,; neuroinflammation,; BPSD,; TSPO,; DBI
Alzheimer,; neuroinflammation,; BPSD,; TSPO,; DBI
MED/26 - NEUROLOGIA
English
23-feb-2018
NEUROSCIENZE - 90R
30
2016/2017
open
(2018). BEHAVIOURAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS OF DEMENTIA: ROLE OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/199047
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