NFAT is a transcription factor that has been described to be important for the activation of the innate immune system. ln our work, we demonstrated that the activation of the transcription factor NFATc2 is necessary for the elimination of Candida albicans during skin infections. We showed that the response to skin infections can be divided in two phases: the containment phase and the elimination phase. During the containment phase, there is an early activation of the TGF-b pathway that is necessary to avoid the spreading of the pathogen by inducing fibroblasts proliferation and collagen deposition. During this phase, antigens are drained to the draining lymph nodes where they can be recognized by dendritic cells (DCs). Through the activation of the transcription factor NFATc2, DCs produce interleukin-2 that we demonstrated to be necessary for the activation of NK cells. During the elimination phase NK cells are then recruited at the site of infection where they release lFN-g. lFN-g production is important for blocking collagen deposition by fibroblasts and their excessive proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts. ln addition to its action on the TGF-b pathway, lFN-g produced by NK cells is also necessary for the activation of the fibrinolytic system by regulating the expression of two key enzymes, PAI-1 and tPA. Plasmin formation allows then capsule digestion and ulceration leading to the elimination of the pathogen. This cross-talk between the innate immune system and the fibrinolytjc system is required not only during fungal infections but also during skin infection with S. aureus. We so far demonstrated how this cooperation is important in fighting and eliminating both fungal and bacterial skin infections. IFN-g produced by NK cells is the key molecule for both blocking fibrosis and activating the fibrinolytic system. When this cross-talk is altered, the infection is no longer resolved. These results shed new light on the complexity of an immune response to skin infection, giving in addition a new role to the functions of both TGF-b and IFN-g. We in fact demonstrated how TGF-b is not only important for the healing process with its anti-inflammatory activity. We showed here how a properly activation of TGF-b is necessary for the confinement of the pathogen, thus helping the immune system to fight the infection.
NFAT è un fattore trascrizionale importante per l’attivazione del sistema dell’immunità innata. Nel nostro lavoro abbiamo dimostrato come l’attivazione del fattore trascrizionale NFATc2 sia necessaria per l’eliminazione del patogeno Candida albicans durante infezioni cutanee. Abbiamo dimostrato che la risposta a infezioni cutanee può essere divisa in due fasi: una fase di contenimento e una fase di eliminazione. Durante la fase di contenimento vi è un’attivazione precoce del pathway del TGF-b, necessaria per impedire la diffusione del patogeno tramite l’induzione della proliferazione dei fibroblasti e la deposizione di collagene. Durante questa fase, gli antigeni vengono drenati ai linfonodi drenanti dove possono essere riconosciuti dalle cellule dendritiche (DCs). Attraverso l’attivazione del fattore trascrizionale NFATc2, le DCs producono interleuchina-2, necessaria per l’attivazione delle cellule NK. Durante la fase di eliminazione, le cellule NK sono reclutate al sito di infezione dove rilasciano IFN-g. La produzione di IFN-g è importante in quanto blocca il deposito di collagene da parte dei fibroblasti, la loro proliferazione e il successivo differenziamento in miofibroblasti. Oltre alla sua azione sul pathway del TGF-b, l’IFN-g prodotto dalle cellule NK è necessario anche per l’attivazione del sistema fibrinolitico attraverso la regolazione di due enzimi chiave, PAI-1 e tPA. La formazione di plasmina favorisce quindi la digestione della capsula e la formazione di un’ulcera, portando quindi all’eliminazione del patogeno. Questo cross-talk tra l’immunità innata e il sistema fibrinolitico è necessario non solo durante infezioni fungine ma anche durante infezioni cutanee con S. aureus. Abbiamo quindi dimostrato come questa cooperazione sia importante nell’eliminazione di infezioni cutanee sia di origine fungina che batterica. L’IFN-g prodotto dalle cellule NK è la molecola chiave per l’attivazione del sistema fibrinolitico e per impedire lo sviluppo di un processo fibrotico. Quando questo cross-talk non si ha la risoluzione dell’infezione. Questi risultati sottolineano la complessità di una risposta immunitaria a infezioni cutanee, conferendo inoltre un nuovo ruolo alle funzioni sia del TGF-b che dell’IFN-g. Abbiamo infatti dimostrato come il TGF-b non sia importante solo durante il processo di guarigione svolgendo la sua più descritta attività anti infiammatoria. Una attivazione a tempi brevi del pathway del TGF-b, infatti, è necessaria per il confinamento del patogeno al sito di infezione in modo tale da facilitare la risposta immunitaria e indurre il successivo processo di eliminazione.
(2018). Skin infections are eliminated by cooperation of the fibrinolytic and innate immune systems. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
Skin infections are eliminated by cooperation of the fibrinolytic and innate immune systems
SANTUS, WILLIAM
2018
Abstract
NFAT is a transcription factor that has been described to be important for the activation of the innate immune system. ln our work, we demonstrated that the activation of the transcription factor NFATc2 is necessary for the elimination of Candida albicans during skin infections. We showed that the response to skin infections can be divided in two phases: the containment phase and the elimination phase. During the containment phase, there is an early activation of the TGF-b pathway that is necessary to avoid the spreading of the pathogen by inducing fibroblasts proliferation and collagen deposition. During this phase, antigens are drained to the draining lymph nodes where they can be recognized by dendritic cells (DCs). Through the activation of the transcription factor NFATc2, DCs produce interleukin-2 that we demonstrated to be necessary for the activation of NK cells. During the elimination phase NK cells are then recruited at the site of infection where they release lFN-g. lFN-g production is important for blocking collagen deposition by fibroblasts and their excessive proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts. ln addition to its action on the TGF-b pathway, lFN-g produced by NK cells is also necessary for the activation of the fibrinolytic system by regulating the expression of two key enzymes, PAI-1 and tPA. Plasmin formation allows then capsule digestion and ulceration leading to the elimination of the pathogen. This cross-talk between the innate immune system and the fibrinolytjc system is required not only during fungal infections but also during skin infection with S. aureus. We so far demonstrated how this cooperation is important in fighting and eliminating both fungal and bacterial skin infections. IFN-g produced by NK cells is the key molecule for both blocking fibrosis and activating the fibrinolytic system. When this cross-talk is altered, the infection is no longer resolved. These results shed new light on the complexity of an immune response to skin infection, giving in addition a new role to the functions of both TGF-b and IFN-g. We in fact demonstrated how TGF-b is not only important for the healing process with its anti-inflammatory activity. We showed here how a properly activation of TGF-b is necessary for the confinement of the pathogen, thus helping the immune system to fight the infection.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: tesi di dottorato
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