During the last decades, a noteworthy decrease in fertility in industrialized countries determined an increase in the number of couples suffering from problems associated to their infertility contacting specialized centers. The infertile condition can determine a developmental arrest of a couple’ life-cycle, creating a crisis which impacts the well-being of both infertile individuals and couples. Failed attempts to conceive, the clinical analyses and the communication of the diagnosis contribute to this critical state, and can lead to medically assisted procreation (MAP). MAP, in turn, requires noteworthy physical, emotional, financial and temporal investments, thus generating further stress. While the stress associated with infertility, and the MAP process are well-documented in literature, the possible traumatic effects have only recently been investigated, thus motivating the original aim of this study. The initial research project intended to compare a number of variables relative to individual functioning (e.g., psychopathological indices, post-traumatic symptoms, alexithymia, sexual functioning) and couple characteristics (attachment) before and after MAP treatment. This objective was changed due to the high drop-out levels of the couples who began the MAP process. Therefore, the new research cross-sectional design investigated the above-mentioned variables in a group of patients who had not begun treatment as yet, thus examining the stress or potentially traumatic effect of infertility in itself and the possible role of protective factors. The study also took the phenomenon of drop-out into account, attempting to trace potential predictors of the phenomenon. More specifically, this research project consists of three studies. The first investigated the association between infertility and the presence of post-traumatic symptoms by means of the Italian adaptation of the Los Angeles Symptom Checklist (LASC), which measures posttraumatic symptoms. After having evaluated the psychometric properties of this instrument in fertile women, a comparison was carried out between this control group and the female members of infertile couples who had no previous MAP experience, but were being evaluated for treatments The results indicated that the infertile condition in itself was not associated to the development of a post-traumatic stress disorder or to other symptoms linked to trauma. The second study investigated the association between infertility, sexual dysfunctions and alexithymia in samples of infertile men and women. The results indicated that, sexual dysfunctions, although not reaching a clinical cut-off level, were present to a greater extent than in normative samples in both men and women at an early phase of the medical treatment of infertility, while high levels of alexithymia characterised those who had previously undergone MAP treatment. Finally, the investigation of the early interruption of the medical treatment (drop-out) evidenced that a number of indicators of psychological distress and alexithymia, as well as certain characteristic attachment styles to parents and partners, could predict dropping out from MAP. Taken together, the results, suggested the need for psycho-sexual counselling from the early phases of MAP treatment onward.
Negli ultimi anni si è assistito ad un consistente calo della fecondità in paesi industrializzati europei ed extraeuropei che ha determinato l’aumento del numero di coppie con problematiche di infertilità per le quali si rivolgono ai Centri specializzati. La condizione di infertilità determina uno stallo evolutivo lungo il ciclo di vita della coppia e si configura come un evento di crisi con un impatto sul benessere psicologico dell’individuo e della coppia infertili. I tentativi falliti, le analisi cliniche, la comunicazione della diagnosi innestano una situazione di crisi cui si associa l’eventuale percorso di Procreazione Medicalmente Assistita (PMA), che, a sua volta, richiede alla coppia un alto investimento fisico, emotivo, economico e di tempo, determinando lo sviluppo di ulteriore stress. Mentre gli effetti stressanti dell’infertilità e del percorso di PMA sono ben documentati in letteratura, cominciano solo ora ad essere indagati gli eventuali effetti traumatici, originario obiettivo del nostro lavoro. L’iniziale progetto di ricerca, che prevedeva un confronto pre-post trattamento di PMA in merito ad una serie di variabili di funzionamento individuale (e.g. indicatori di psicopatologia, sintomi post-traumatici, alessitimia, funzionamento sessuale) e di coppia (attaccamento) è stato modificato fondamentalmente a causa dell’elevato tassi di drop-out tra le coppie che avevano intrapreso un percorso di PMA. Il nuovo disegno di ricerca cross-sectional ha invece indagato le variabili summenzionate in un gruppo di pazienti che non avevano ancora iniziato il trattamento, verificando dunque l’effetto stressante o potenzialmente traumatico dell’infertilità in sé e il ruolo di eventuali fattori protettivi. Dato l’elevato tassi di drop-out, il presente elaborato ha indagato anche questo fenomeno, cercando di rintracciarne i predittori precoci, Più nello specifico, il presente elaborato si compone di tre studi, il primo dei quali indaga l’associazione tra la condizione di infertilità e la presenza di sintomi post-traumatici attraverso l’adattamento italiano del Los Angeles Symptom Checklist (LASC), self-report ampiamente utilizzato per rilevare la sintomatologia post-traumatica. Dopo aver valutato le 2 proprietà psicometriche di questo strumento su donne fertili, è stato effettuato un confronto tra questo gruppo di controllo e donne di coppie infertili senza precedenti esperienze di PMA, valutate in una fase iniziale del percorso. I risultati sottolineano come la condizione di infertilità in sè non sembri essere associata allo sviluppo di Disturbo Post-Traumatico da Stress (DPTS) e di altri sintomi legati al trauma. Il secondo studio si concentra, invece, sull’indagine dell’associazione tra infertilità, disfunzioni sessuali e alessitimia su un campione di uomini e donne infertili considerati separatamente. I risultati evidenziando come le difficoltà sessuali, sebbene non raggiungano sempre il cut-off clinico, sono presenti sia in donne che in uomini già in una fase precoce del trattamento medico dell’infertilità. Gli individui infertili non sono, invece, alessitimici in misura maggiore rispetto ai dati normativi, ma livelli più elevati di alessitimia caratterizzano coloro che hanno avuto esperienze precedenti di PMA. Infine, l’indagine sul diffuso fenomeno dell’abbandono precoce del trattamento medico (drop-out) ha evidenziato come la presenza di alcuni indicatori di disagio psicologico e di alessitimia, nonché alcune caratteristiche del legame di attaccamento con i genitori e con il partner si configurino come predittori del drop-out dai percorsi di PMA. I risultati suggeriscono la necessità di attivare un counselling psico-sessuologico fin dalle prime fasi del trattamento di PMA.
(2017). Gli aspetti psicologici e relazionali dell’infertilità e della Procreazione Medicalmente Assistita (PMA).. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
Gli aspetti psicologici e relazionali dell’infertilità e della Procreazione Medicalmente Assistita (PMA).
DEVECCHI, FEDERICA
2017
Abstract
During the last decades, a noteworthy decrease in fertility in industrialized countries determined an increase in the number of couples suffering from problems associated to their infertility contacting specialized centers. The infertile condition can determine a developmental arrest of a couple’ life-cycle, creating a crisis which impacts the well-being of both infertile individuals and couples. Failed attempts to conceive, the clinical analyses and the communication of the diagnosis contribute to this critical state, and can lead to medically assisted procreation (MAP). MAP, in turn, requires noteworthy physical, emotional, financial and temporal investments, thus generating further stress. While the stress associated with infertility, and the MAP process are well-documented in literature, the possible traumatic effects have only recently been investigated, thus motivating the original aim of this study. The initial research project intended to compare a number of variables relative to individual functioning (e.g., psychopathological indices, post-traumatic symptoms, alexithymia, sexual functioning) and couple characteristics (attachment) before and after MAP treatment. This objective was changed due to the high drop-out levels of the couples who began the MAP process. Therefore, the new research cross-sectional design investigated the above-mentioned variables in a group of patients who had not begun treatment as yet, thus examining the stress or potentially traumatic effect of infertility in itself and the possible role of protective factors. The study also took the phenomenon of drop-out into account, attempting to trace potential predictors of the phenomenon. More specifically, this research project consists of three studies. The first investigated the association between infertility and the presence of post-traumatic symptoms by means of the Italian adaptation of the Los Angeles Symptom Checklist (LASC), which measures posttraumatic symptoms. After having evaluated the psychometric properties of this instrument in fertile women, a comparison was carried out between this control group and the female members of infertile couples who had no previous MAP experience, but were being evaluated for treatments The results indicated that the infertile condition in itself was not associated to the development of a post-traumatic stress disorder or to other symptoms linked to trauma. The second study investigated the association between infertility, sexual dysfunctions and alexithymia in samples of infertile men and women. The results indicated that, sexual dysfunctions, although not reaching a clinical cut-off level, were present to a greater extent than in normative samples in both men and women at an early phase of the medical treatment of infertility, while high levels of alexithymia characterised those who had previously undergone MAP treatment. Finally, the investigation of the early interruption of the medical treatment (drop-out) evidenced that a number of indicators of psychological distress and alexithymia, as well as certain characteristic attachment styles to parents and partners, could predict dropping out from MAP. Taken together, the results, suggested the need for psycho-sexual counselling from the early phases of MAP treatment onward.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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