RalGPS2 is a murine guanine nucleotide exchange factor belonging to RalGPS family; that contains a well conserved CDC25-like domain in the N-terminal region, a PxxP motif in central region and a PH (Pleckstrin Homology) domain in the C-terminus. It has been demonstrated that RalGPS2 can activate RalA in vivo, while the PH-PxxP domain behaves as a dominant negative for RalA activation in NIH3T3 and PC12 cells. Furthermore, when overexpressed, RalGPS2 causes considerable morphological changes in HEK293 cells, suggesting its possible role on cytoskeleton re-organization. These data suggest us a possible role of RalGPS2 and its domains in cytoskeleton re-modelling also in tumour cell lines. For this purpose it has been chosen the human bladder cancer cell line 5637, as a model. In the present work it has been shown that RalGPS2 alone is able to activate RalA in “vivo”, while its depletion significantly lowers RalA levels. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that PH-PxxP region and PH domain of RalGPS2 behave as dominant negatives for RalA activation. Moreover, confocal analysis reveals a partial, but marked co-localization between RalA, RalGPS2, the PH domain and the PH-PxxP region at the level of plasma membrane end in thin membrane protrusions. The presence of these protrusions in which localize the GTPase RalA suggested us that these structures could be Tunneling Nanotubes (TNTs). TNTs are intercellular conduits and have been shown to enable the transport of various cellular components and signals, they are important for cellular communication between cells. Since nanotubes were initially described to contain actin but not tubulin we used this criterion to characterize the protrusions that we have observed in 5637 cells. Confocal analysis reveals presence of protrusions rich in actin but poor in tubulin. To determinate whether RalGPS2 and its domain induce formation of TNTs, it has been made a confocal analysis in which it has been characterized protrusions formed by cells. Statistical analysis reveals that RalGPS2 supports TNTs formation in 5637 cells. Later, it has been analyzed the role of RalA effectors in TNTs formation. Statistical analysis shown that lack of interaction between RalA and Sec5 (subunit of exocyst complex and RalA effector) strongly reduces nanotubes formation. Therefore, both Sec5 and RalGPS2 seem to play a key role in generation of these structures. To confirm the role of RalGPS2 in TNTs formation and to evaluate whether it cooperates with Sec5 in this process, it has been performed an co-immunoprecipitation assay. This investigation reveals the presence of a complex between RalA,RalGPS2, LST1 (protein which induces TNTs formation) and Sec5. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that RalGPS2 supports TNT formation more in conditions of nutrient deficiency. Results obtained suggest the existence of two coexisting pathways, but more activates under different conditions. In this proposal, interaction between RalGPS2, LST1 and RalA establishes formation of a complex that under stress condition is active and allows the interaction between the RalA and Sec5. RalA-Sec5 interaction determines the assembly of multi-protein complex which controls TNTs formation. On the contrary, in proliferative stimulus conditions, while RalGPS2-LST1-RalA complex is still present and partially activated, it is outclassed by the activation of a distinct pathway in which GEFs of the RalGDS family, the RalA GTPase and Sec5 play a pivotal role. In such conditions, RalGDS GEFs are activated and interact with the RalA GTPase while promoting the GDP-GTP exchange. RalA in its active state also interacts with Sec5, allowing the assembly of the exocyst complex and so regulating the exocytosis.
RalGPS2 è uno scambiatore appartenente alla famiglia RalGPS, composto da un dominio catalitico Cdc25-like nella regione N-terminale, un motivo PxxP nella regione centrale, e un dominio di omologia alla Pleckstrina (PH) nella regione C-terminale. E’ stato precedentemente dimostrato che RalGPS2 attiva in “vivo” la GTPasi RalA, mentre la regione PH-PxxP si comporta da dominante negativo per l’attività di RalA in cellule NIH3T3 e PC12. Inoltre, se è overespresso RalGPS2 causa cambiamenti morfologici consistenti nelle cellule HEK293, suggerendo che esso possa avere effetti sul citoscheletro. Tutto ciò suggerisce un possibile ruolo di RalGPS2 nella riorganizzazione del citoscheletro anche in linee cellulari tumorali. A tal fine è stata scelta come modello la linea cellulare umana 5637 di cancro alla vescica, in cui la GTPasi RalA è iperattiva. Nel presente lavoro abbiamo dimostrato che RalGPS2 da solo è in grado attivare RalA in “vivo”, mentre la sua deplezione ne abbassa notevolmente i livelli. In più si è dimostrato che la regione PH-PxxP e il dominio PH di RalGPS2 si comportano da dominanti negativi per l’attività di RalA. Inoltre, analisi al confocale hanno rivelato una parziale ma marcata co-localizzazione tra RalA, RalGPS2, il dominio PH e la regione PH-PxxP a livello della membrana plasmatica e in sottili protrusioni di membrana. La presenza di queste protrusioni in cui si localizzava RalA ha suggerito che esse potessero essere nanotubi traforati (TNT). I TNT sono condotti intracellulari per il trasporto di vari componenti cellulari o segnali importanti per la comunicazione cellulare. Siccome i TNT sono stati precedentemente descritti come strutture costituite da actina ma non da tubulina, si è utilizzato questo criterio per caratterizzare tali protrusioni. L’analisi al microscopio confocale ha evidenziato la presenza di protrusioni ricche in actina ma povere in tubulina. Per valutare se effettivamente RalGPS2 e i suoi domini influenzino la formazione dei TNT, si è condotta un’analisi al microscopio confocale in cui si andava a caratterizzare le protrusioni formate dalle cellule. Un’analisi statistica dettagliata ha evidenziato che RalGPS2 supporta la formazione di TNT in cellule 5637. Successivamente si è cercato di analizzare il ruolo degli effettori di RalA nella formazione dei TNT. Un’analisi statistica accurata ha dimostrato che il blocco di Sec5 (subunià del complesso delle esocisti ed effettore di RalA) riduce fortemente la formazione dei TNT. Dunque sia Sec5 che RalGPS2 sembrano giocare un ruolo chiave nella genesi di queste strutture. Per confermare il ruolo di RalGPS2 nella formazione dei TNT e per valutare se esso cooperi assieme a Sec5 in tale processo abbiamo effettuato un saggio di co-immunoprecipiatazione. Tale analisi rivela la presenza di un complesso tra RalA, RalGPS2,LST1 (proteina che induce la formazione dei TNT) e Sec5. Inoltre è stato dimostrato che RalGPS2 supporta la formazione dei TNT maggiormente in condizioni di carenza di nutrienti. I risultati ottenuti ci suggeriscono l’esistenza di due pathway compresenti, ma maggiormente attivati in condizioni diverse. In questa proposta RalGPS2 interagendo con LST1 e RalA determina la formazione di un complesso che in condizioni di stress si attiva e permette l’interazione tra RalA e Sec5. L’interazione RalA-Sec5 determina l’assemblaggio di un complesso multi-proteico che controlla la formazione dei nanotubi. Al contrario in condizioni di stimolo proliferativo, sebbene il complesso RalGPS2-LST1-RalA sia comunque presente e in parte attivo è eclissato dall’attivazione di un altro pathway che ha come protagonisti i GEF della famiglia RalGDS, la GTPasi RalA e Sec5. In queste condizioni infatti i GEF RalGDS sono attivi e interagiscono con RalA attivandola. In questo stato attivo RalA interagisce a sua volta con Sec5 promuovendo l’assemblaggio del complesso delle esocisti e regolando così l’esocitosi.
(2017). RalGPS2 interacts with LST1 and supports tunneling nanotubes formation in human bladder cancer cells. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
RalGPS2 interacts with LST1 and supports tunneling nanotubes formation in human bladder cancer cells
D'ALOIA, ALESSIA
2017
Abstract
RalGPS2 is a murine guanine nucleotide exchange factor belonging to RalGPS family; that contains a well conserved CDC25-like domain in the N-terminal region, a PxxP motif in central region and a PH (Pleckstrin Homology) domain in the C-terminus. It has been demonstrated that RalGPS2 can activate RalA in vivo, while the PH-PxxP domain behaves as a dominant negative for RalA activation in NIH3T3 and PC12 cells. Furthermore, when overexpressed, RalGPS2 causes considerable morphological changes in HEK293 cells, suggesting its possible role on cytoskeleton re-organization. These data suggest us a possible role of RalGPS2 and its domains in cytoskeleton re-modelling also in tumour cell lines. For this purpose it has been chosen the human bladder cancer cell line 5637, as a model. In the present work it has been shown that RalGPS2 alone is able to activate RalA in “vivo”, while its depletion significantly lowers RalA levels. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that PH-PxxP region and PH domain of RalGPS2 behave as dominant negatives for RalA activation. Moreover, confocal analysis reveals a partial, but marked co-localization between RalA, RalGPS2, the PH domain and the PH-PxxP region at the level of plasma membrane end in thin membrane protrusions. The presence of these protrusions in which localize the GTPase RalA suggested us that these structures could be Tunneling Nanotubes (TNTs). TNTs are intercellular conduits and have been shown to enable the transport of various cellular components and signals, they are important for cellular communication between cells. Since nanotubes were initially described to contain actin but not tubulin we used this criterion to characterize the protrusions that we have observed in 5637 cells. Confocal analysis reveals presence of protrusions rich in actin but poor in tubulin. To determinate whether RalGPS2 and its domain induce formation of TNTs, it has been made a confocal analysis in which it has been characterized protrusions formed by cells. Statistical analysis reveals that RalGPS2 supports TNTs formation in 5637 cells. Later, it has been analyzed the role of RalA effectors in TNTs formation. Statistical analysis shown that lack of interaction between RalA and Sec5 (subunit of exocyst complex and RalA effector) strongly reduces nanotubes formation. Therefore, both Sec5 and RalGPS2 seem to play a key role in generation of these structures. To confirm the role of RalGPS2 in TNTs formation and to evaluate whether it cooperates with Sec5 in this process, it has been performed an co-immunoprecipitation assay. This investigation reveals the presence of a complex between RalA,RalGPS2, LST1 (protein which induces TNTs formation) and Sec5. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that RalGPS2 supports TNT formation more in conditions of nutrient deficiency. Results obtained suggest the existence of two coexisting pathways, but more activates under different conditions. In this proposal, interaction between RalGPS2, LST1 and RalA establishes formation of a complex that under stress condition is active and allows the interaction between the RalA and Sec5. RalA-Sec5 interaction determines the assembly of multi-protein complex which controls TNTs formation. On the contrary, in proliferative stimulus conditions, while RalGPS2-LST1-RalA complex is still present and partially activated, it is outclassed by the activation of a distinct pathway in which GEFs of the RalGDS family, the RalA GTPase and Sec5 play a pivotal role. In such conditions, RalGDS GEFs are activated and interact with the RalA GTPase while promoting the GDP-GTP exchange. RalA in its active state also interacts with Sec5, allowing the assembly of the exocyst complex and so regulating the exocytosis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_717336.pdf
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Descrizione: tesi di dottorato
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