Gait is a highly automatic behavior. Although walking is an over-experienced action, stance and locomotion are based on complex sensorimotor programs that involve several distinct and separate supraspinal centers in the brainstem, cerebellum and the cortex (l’italiano sarebbe: Gait is a highly automatic and over-experienced behavior, based on complex sensorimotor programs that involve several centers in the brainstem, cerebellum and the cortex). The decay of gait related skills is one of the defining traits of ageing. Osteoarthritis in the lower limbs is considered the single most important cause of disability and handicap in Western industrialized countries: it is the main cause of musculoskeletal pain, and daily life activities are reduced due to severe functional limitation. The comprehension of the central physiology of walking and its age-related changes or the impact of peripheral disease on this physiology is very limited. In the present thesis I describe a series of experiments whose aim was to better understand the phenomenology of walking in elderly people and to assess to what extent this skill and its mental representation, evoked through specific motor imagery tasks, can be affected by a peripheral disorder such as knee osteoarthritis. This disease was chosen as a model of possible deterioration of cortical/subcortical representations of walking behavior in the absence of obvious neurological disorders. The long-term goal of this research is also to test the beneficial effect of motor-imagery-based rehabilitation strategies in guiding post-surgery recovery of the patients. The present study aims at providing a strong rationale for this overarching goal. In the same series of experiments, I characterize the central (supraspinal) neurophysiology of walking using fMRI in motor imagery or imitation through imagery. This is done in normal subjects first. In my final experiment I compare the fMRI patterns of normal subjects with those of patients with knee osteoarthritis. The main points of my experiments can be summarized as follows: (1) patients with knee osteoarthritis are still capable of motor imagery for the walking behavior; (2) yet, they seem not to have incorporated their peripheral motor limitation in the walking simulation performed during imagery as they are comparatively faster in motor imagery than the normal controls, once the time taken to walk is subtracted; (3) the fMRI data on normal controls showed that motor imagery of walking in normal controls depends on a rich fronto-parietal pattern at the cortical level with stronger activation of cerebellar and brainstem gait specific regions for motor imagery rather than imitation through imagery task. (4) Finally patients with knee osteoarthritis displayed stronger fMRI activations in walking-specific brain regions for motor imagery, compared with normal controls, providing that the motor imagery task was performed in combination with an explicit simulation of gait through explicit ankle dorsiflexion. Taken together, these results (1) contribute to the definition of the normal brain patterns associated with simulated gait, (2) testify to a qualitatively different, yet still available, ability in representing a walking behavior through motor imagery in patients with knee osteoarthritis both at a behavioral and (3) at a functional anatomical level. With some additional care, like the combination of the execution of a minimal peripheral motor behavior (the ankle dorsiflexion), the present data provide a rationale to test the hypothesis that motor imagery may prove of some use in boosting motor recovery of walking in patients with knee osteoarthritis after surgery. This is something that I should be able to discuss in person when specific experiments on motor imagery in motor rehabilitation will be completed.
La deambulazione è un comportamento altamente automatizzato e iperappreso, ma basato su programmi sensori motori complessi che coinvolgono numerosi centri nel tronco encefalico, nel cervelletto e nella corteccia. Il decadimento delle abilità di deambulazione è uno dei tratti che definiscono l’invecchiamento. L’osteoartrite per gli arti inferiori è considerato la maggior causa di disabilità e handicap nelle società occidentali industrializzati: è la causa maggiore di dolore muscolo scheletrico e a causa della grave limitazione funzionale molte attività della vita quotidiana sono compromesse. La comprensione della fisiologia del cammino a livello centrale, i cambiamenti dovuti all’invecchiamento o l’impatto di patologie periferiche su questa fisiologia è molto limitato. In questa tesi ho descritto una serie di esperimenti con lo scopo di comprendere meglio la fenomenologia del cammino negli anziani e definire quanto questa abilità e la sua rappresentazione mentale, evocata tramite specifici compiti, potesse essere influenzata dall’osteoartrite al ginocchio. Questa patologia è stata selezionata come modello di un deterioramento delle rappresentazioni del cammino a livello cortico/sottocorticale in assenza di chiari disturbi neurologici. Lo scopo a lungo termine di questa ricerca è dare un solido razionale per poter testare l’efficacia di una riabilitazione basata su strategie di immaginazione motoria nel recupero post chirurgico. Tramite gli esperimenti ho definito la neurofisiologia del cammino a livello centrale (sopraspinale) nell’immaginazione motoria e nell’immaginazione dell’imitazione, tramite l’uso della fMRI. Questo è stato fatto prima nei sani. Nel mio esperimento finale il pattern fMRI ottenuti per i soggetti sani sono stati confrontati con quelli di un gruppo di pazienti con osteoartrite del ginocchio. I punti principali possono essere così riassunti: (1) i pazienti con osteoartrite al ginocchio sono ancora capaci di eseguire compiti di immaginazione motoria che coinvolgono la deambulazione; (2) ciononostante sembra che i pazienti non siano stati in grado di incorporare la loro limitazione motoria periferica nella simulazione mentale della deambulazione in quanto risultano più veloci dei loro controlli sani; (3) i dati fMRI per i soggetti sani mostrano che l’immaginazione motoria per il cammino dipende da un grande pattern fronto-parietale a livello corticale e maggiori attivazioni a livello cerebellare e del tronco encefalico, in aree legate al cammino, rispetto all’immaginazione dell’imitazione.(4) Infine i dati fMRI per i pazienti con osteoartrite hanno mostrato maggiori attivazioni per aree coinvolte nell’immaginazione motoria quando il compito di immaginazione era combinato con un’esplicita simulazione della deambulazione ossia la dorsi-flessione delle caviglie. Insieme questi risultati (1) contribuiscono alla definizione dei pattern neurali coinvolti nell’immaginazione del cammino per cervelli sani, (2) dimostrano abilità qualitativamente differenti, ma ancora accessibili, nella rappresentazione della deambulazione per compiti di immaginazione motoria sia a livello comportamentale (3) che a livello anatomo-funzionale. Il razionale di questo studio lascia ipotizzare che l’uso dell’immaginazione motoria possa facilitare il recupero della deambulazione in pazienti con osteoartrite al ginocchio nel periodo post operatorio, magari aggiungendo qualche particolare aggiuntivo, come minimo comportamento motorio (come la dorsi-flessione della caviglia). Questo mi sarà possibile discuterlo nel momento in cui avrò terminato gli specifici esperimenti per l’uso dell’immaginazione motoria in riabilitazione.
(2017). MENTAL STEPS: MOTOR IMAGERY OF GAIT IN ELDERLY AND ITS ROLE IN REHABILITATION. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
MENTAL STEPS: MOTOR IMAGERY OF GAIT IN ELDERLY AND ITS ROLE IN REHABILITATION
DE SANTIS, CARLO
2017
Abstract
Gait is a highly automatic behavior. Although walking is an over-experienced action, stance and locomotion are based on complex sensorimotor programs that involve several distinct and separate supraspinal centers in the brainstem, cerebellum and the cortex (l’italiano sarebbe: Gait is a highly automatic and over-experienced behavior, based on complex sensorimotor programs that involve several centers in the brainstem, cerebellum and the cortex). The decay of gait related skills is one of the defining traits of ageing. Osteoarthritis in the lower limbs is considered the single most important cause of disability and handicap in Western industrialized countries: it is the main cause of musculoskeletal pain, and daily life activities are reduced due to severe functional limitation. The comprehension of the central physiology of walking and its age-related changes or the impact of peripheral disease on this physiology is very limited. In the present thesis I describe a series of experiments whose aim was to better understand the phenomenology of walking in elderly people and to assess to what extent this skill and its mental representation, evoked through specific motor imagery tasks, can be affected by a peripheral disorder such as knee osteoarthritis. This disease was chosen as a model of possible deterioration of cortical/subcortical representations of walking behavior in the absence of obvious neurological disorders. The long-term goal of this research is also to test the beneficial effect of motor-imagery-based rehabilitation strategies in guiding post-surgery recovery of the patients. The present study aims at providing a strong rationale for this overarching goal. In the same series of experiments, I characterize the central (supraspinal) neurophysiology of walking using fMRI in motor imagery or imitation through imagery. This is done in normal subjects first. In my final experiment I compare the fMRI patterns of normal subjects with those of patients with knee osteoarthritis. The main points of my experiments can be summarized as follows: (1) patients with knee osteoarthritis are still capable of motor imagery for the walking behavior; (2) yet, they seem not to have incorporated their peripheral motor limitation in the walking simulation performed during imagery as they are comparatively faster in motor imagery than the normal controls, once the time taken to walk is subtracted; (3) the fMRI data on normal controls showed that motor imagery of walking in normal controls depends on a rich fronto-parietal pattern at the cortical level with stronger activation of cerebellar and brainstem gait specific regions for motor imagery rather than imitation through imagery task. (4) Finally patients with knee osteoarthritis displayed stronger fMRI activations in walking-specific brain regions for motor imagery, compared with normal controls, providing that the motor imagery task was performed in combination with an explicit simulation of gait through explicit ankle dorsiflexion. Taken together, these results (1) contribute to the definition of the normal brain patterns associated with simulated gait, (2) testify to a qualitatively different, yet still available, ability in representing a walking behavior through motor imagery in patients with knee osteoarthritis both at a behavioral and (3) at a functional anatomical level. With some additional care, like the combination of the execution of a minimal peripheral motor behavior (the ankle dorsiflexion), the present data provide a rationale to test the hypothesis that motor imagery may prove of some use in boosting motor recovery of walking in patients with knee osteoarthritis after surgery. This is something that I should be able to discuss in person when specific experiments on motor imagery in motor rehabilitation will be completed.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: tesi di dottorato
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Doctoral thesis
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