Several published data highlight the importance of inflammation for neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with an increased spinal cord recruitment of peripheral proinflammatory monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells found in patients and animal models. To date no clear data are available regarding the functional state of DCs in peripheral blood of ALS patients.The aim of the present study was to examine circulating DCs in a large cohort of ALS patients taking into account their clinical phase in order to lay the basis to understand how these cells contribute to disease progression. To do this, we performed ex vivo analyses of the frequency and expression of costimulatory, MHC and migratory mole¬cules of CD1c+ DC subsets and we investigated the capacity of purified DCs to spontaneously produce inflammatory cytokines and to respond to the TLR agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We enrolled 72 ALS patients, 47 healthy donors and 25 Patients affected by neurological disorders unrelated with ALS stratified for age and sex. DC numbers and their phenotype were investigated by cytofluorimetric analyses. We found that ALS patients have much lower number of circulating DCs (identified as CD1c+ and CD19-) compared with healthy donor, and their DCs show an increased expression of the integrin CD62L. Since this integrin is required for the recruitment of leukocytes to secondary lymphoid organs or to inflammatory sites, these observations confirmed that in ALS patients DCs are actively recruited in the central nervous system with a mechanism presumably involving the CD62L molecule. We then analysed the spontaneous o LPS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8, IL10 and CCL2. We noticed a subpopulation of ALS patients with a higher spontaneous and LPS-induced IL8 production. These patients, interestingly, also showed higher efficiency of CCL2 secretion. Although we could not define a correlation between the higher efficiency of these inflammatory cytokine production and disease progression, high levels of CCL2 have been shown in the spinal cord of SOD mice, a mouse model of a subclass of ALS disease, and in some ALS patients. According to our results, DCs can be a source of CCL2 in the spinal cord in a subpopulation of ALS patients. This observation suggests that a simple peripheral blood analysis can be sufficient to identify subgroups of ALS patients. We, thus, analysed the correlation between the levels of any single cytokines in ALS patients before and after LPS exposure and some disease parameters.We observed a significant inverse correlation between the time from onset to diagnosis and the ΔIL6 levels, suggesting that an increased efficiency of IL-6 production in ALS patients may accelerate the initial phases of the disease.In conclusion, DCs are one of the major cell subset recruited to the central nervous system at least in some ALS patients. Although the majority of activated DCs may migrate to the central nervous system, some differences are still observable in the peripheral blood. Based on our results, peripheral blood DC analyses can be useful to stratify patients in those that have a high inflammatory response versus those that do not show an altered inflammatory pathway.Given the high heterogeneity of ALS disease we could not observe for the moment significant correlations with disease parameters, nevertheless a more refined analysis based on specific criteria is likely to be informative on some particular disease aspects.The high levels of CD62L expression by peripheral blood DCs suggest that this molecule could be a possible target for in vivo treatment. To this regard, we are planning to perform a preclinical study in SOD mice to verify if a treatment with a blocking anti-CD62L antibody could interfere with disease progression.
Molti dati pubblicati sottolineano l’importanza dell’infiammazione per la neurodegenerazione nella sclerosi laterale amiotrofica (SLA) con un aumento del reclutamento al midollo spinale dei monociti periferici, delle cellule dendritiche (DCs) e delle cellule T in modelli murini e nell’uomo. Ad oggi non ci sono dati circa lo stato funzionale delle DCs nel sangue periferico dei pazienti SLA. Lo scopo dello studio è esaminare le DCs circolanti in una coorte di pazienti SLA prendendo in considerazione la loro storia clinica, per capire come queste cellule contribuiscano alla progressione della patologia. Per fare questo abbiamo analizzato la frequenza di espressione delle molecole costimolatorie, migratorie e delle MHC delle DCs CD1c+ e abbiamo indagato la capacità di DCs purificate di produrre spontaneamente e in risposta ad agonisti dei TLR (lipopolisaccaride LPS) citochine infiammatorie. Abbiamo incluso nello studio 72 pazienti SLA, 47 donatori sani e 25 pazienti affetti da disordini neurologici non correlati con la SLA, stratificati per sesso ed età. Il numero di DCs circolanti ed il loro fenotipo sono stati analizzati con analisi citofluorimetriche. Abbiamo trovato che i pazienti SLA hanno un numero minore di DCs circolanti rispetto a donatori sani e che queste DCs esprimono più bassi livelli di ntegrina CD62L. Questa integrina è necessaria per il reclutamento dei leucociti agli organi linfoidi secondari o ai siti infiammatori quindi la nostra osservazione conferma il fatto che nei pazienti SLA le DCs sono reclutate attivamente al sistema nervoso centrale con un meccanismo che coinvolge, presumibilmente, CD62L. Abbiamo poi analizzato la produzione spontanea o indotta da LPS di citochine infiammatorie quali TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8, IL10 eCCL2. Abbiamo individuato una sottopopolazione di pazienti con una produzione spontanea di IL8 più alta che mostrano anche una più alta efficienza di secrezione di CCL2. Nonostante non sia stato possibile dimostrare una correlazione tra questa più alta efficienza di secrezione di citochine e la progressione della patologia, alti livelli di CCL2 sono presenti nel midollo spinale di topi SOD, un modello murino per una sottoclasse di pazienti SLA, e in alcuni pazienti. Questa osservazione suggerisce che delle semplici analisi del sangue periferico potrebbero essere sufficienti ad identificare un sottogruppo di pazienti. Abbiamo inoltre analizzato la correlazione tra i livelli di ogni singolo citochina, prima e dopo l’esposizione ad LPS, ed alcuni parametri di malattia. Abbiamo così evidenziato una correlazione inversa tra l’intervallo di tempo tra l’insorgenza e la diagnosi e i livelli di ΔIL6, suggerendo che l’efficienza di produzione di IL6 possa accelerare le fasi iniziale della patologia. In conclusione possiamo dire che le DCs sono il subset cellulare maggiormente reclutato al sistema nervoso centrale. Nonostante la maggior parte delle DCs attivate migrino al sistema nervoso centrale, alcune differenze posso essere osservate a livello del sangue periferico. Sulla base dei nostri risultati le analisi sul sangue periferico potrebbero essere utili a stratificare i pazienti dividendo chi ha un’alta risposta infiammatoria da chi invece non ha alterazioni. Data l’elevata eterogeneità della SLA non è stato possibile, per il momento, osservare correlazioni significative con i parametri di malattia, anche se analisi più raffinate basate su specifici criteri potrebbero essere informative su alcuni particolari aspetti della patologia. L’elevato livello di espressione di CD62L da parte delle DCs periferiche suggerisce che questa molecola possa essere un target per un trattamento in vivo. A questo proposito abbiamo in programma di mettere a punto uno studio preclinico in topi SOD per verificare se un trattamento con un anticorpo bloccante CD62L possa interferire con la progressione della patologia.
(2017). Activation state and functionality of dendritic cells from peripheral blood of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
Activation state and functionality of dendritic cells from peripheral blood of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients
RUSCONI, MICHELA
2017
Abstract
Several published data highlight the importance of inflammation for neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with an increased spinal cord recruitment of peripheral proinflammatory monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells found in patients and animal models. To date no clear data are available regarding the functional state of DCs in peripheral blood of ALS patients.The aim of the present study was to examine circulating DCs in a large cohort of ALS patients taking into account their clinical phase in order to lay the basis to understand how these cells contribute to disease progression. To do this, we performed ex vivo analyses of the frequency and expression of costimulatory, MHC and migratory mole¬cules of CD1c+ DC subsets and we investigated the capacity of purified DCs to spontaneously produce inflammatory cytokines and to respond to the TLR agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We enrolled 72 ALS patients, 47 healthy donors and 25 Patients affected by neurological disorders unrelated with ALS stratified for age and sex. DC numbers and their phenotype were investigated by cytofluorimetric analyses. We found that ALS patients have much lower number of circulating DCs (identified as CD1c+ and CD19-) compared with healthy donor, and their DCs show an increased expression of the integrin CD62L. Since this integrin is required for the recruitment of leukocytes to secondary lymphoid organs or to inflammatory sites, these observations confirmed that in ALS patients DCs are actively recruited in the central nervous system with a mechanism presumably involving the CD62L molecule. We then analysed the spontaneous o LPS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8, IL10 and CCL2. We noticed a subpopulation of ALS patients with a higher spontaneous and LPS-induced IL8 production. These patients, interestingly, also showed higher efficiency of CCL2 secretion. Although we could not define a correlation between the higher efficiency of these inflammatory cytokine production and disease progression, high levels of CCL2 have been shown in the spinal cord of SOD mice, a mouse model of a subclass of ALS disease, and in some ALS patients. According to our results, DCs can be a source of CCL2 in the spinal cord in a subpopulation of ALS patients. This observation suggests that a simple peripheral blood analysis can be sufficient to identify subgroups of ALS patients. We, thus, analysed the correlation between the levels of any single cytokines in ALS patients before and after LPS exposure and some disease parameters.We observed a significant inverse correlation between the time from onset to diagnosis and the ΔIL6 levels, suggesting that an increased efficiency of IL-6 production in ALS patients may accelerate the initial phases of the disease.In conclusion, DCs are one of the major cell subset recruited to the central nervous system at least in some ALS patients. Although the majority of activated DCs may migrate to the central nervous system, some differences are still observable in the peripheral blood. Based on our results, peripheral blood DC analyses can be useful to stratify patients in those that have a high inflammatory response versus those that do not show an altered inflammatory pathway.Given the high heterogeneity of ALS disease we could not observe for the moment significant correlations with disease parameters, nevertheless a more refined analysis based on specific criteria is likely to be informative on some particular disease aspects.The high levels of CD62L expression by peripheral blood DCs suggest that this molecule could be a possible target for in vivo treatment. To this regard, we are planning to perform a preclinical study in SOD mice to verify if a treatment with a blocking anti-CD62L antibody could interfere with disease progression.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: tesi di dottorato
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Doctoral thesis
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