Idiopathic glomerulonephritis (GN), such as membranous nephropathy (MN), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) represent the most frequent primary Glomerular Kidney Diseases (GKDs) worldwide and are a common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Without the correct diagnosis and, ultimately, the correct selection of therapeutic treatment, the patient has a higher probability of progressing to ESRD and requiring dialysis or transplantation. Although the renal biopsy currently remains the gold standard for the routine diagnosis of idiopathic GN, the invasiveness and difficulty of diagnoses related with this procedure means that there is a strong need for the detection of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that can be translated into less invasive diagnostic tools. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a unique proteomic technology that explores the spatial distribution of biomolecules directly in situ, thus integrating molecular and morphological information. The possibility to correlate distribution maps of multiple analyses with histological features makes it an ideal research tool to discover new diagnostic and prognostic markers. This modern proteomic technique could represent an invaluable tool in the field of nephropathology, most specifically in the study of primary glomerulonephritis (GNs), due to its potential to obtain proteomic signatures from pathological glomeruli and tubuli. The body of work enclosed in this thesis follows the application of MALDI-MSI to fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) renal biopsies in order to detect diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers associated with the most common forms of glomerulonephritis. More specifically, MALDI-MSI was applied to fresh frozen bioptic renal tissue from patients with a histological diagnosis of FSGS (n=6), IgAN, (n=6) and MN (n=7), and from controls (n=4) in order to detect specific molecular signatures of primary glomerulonephritis. MALDI-MSI was able to generate molecular signatures capable to distinguish between normal kidney and pathological GN, with specific signals (m/z 4025, 4048 and 4963) representing potential indicators of CKD development. Moreover, specific disease-related signatures (m/z 4025 and 4048 for FSGS, m/z 4963 and 5072 for IgAN) were detected. Of these signals, m/z 4048 was identified as α-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) and was shown to be localised to the podocytes within sclerotic glomeruli by immunohistochemistry and could potentially be one of the markers of podocyte stress that is correlated with the development of FSGS. Furthermore, a protocol for the analysis of FFPE renal biopsies was developed and optimised. Using this optimised protocol, MALDI-MSI was applied to renal biopsies from histologically diagnosed primary and secondary MN patients (n=20) in order to evaluate the capability of this technology to detect alterations in their tissue proteome. MALDI-MSI was able to generate molecular signatures of primary and secondary MN, with one particular signal (m/z 1459), identified as Serine/threonine-protein kinase MRCK gamma, being over-expressed in the glomeruli of primary MN patients with respect to secondary MN. Furthermore, this proteomic approach detected a number of signals that could differentiate the different forms of iMN (m/z 1094, 1116, 1381 and 1459). These signals could potentially represent future targets to be investigated as proteomic markers for the further stratification of iMN patients. The findings presented here highlight how the study of glomerular diseases using this modern proteomic technology shows vast potential and may eventually herald an era where these findings are translated for use within a clinical context, either for diagnostic or prognostic purposes.

Le glomerulonefriti idiopatiche (GN), tra cui le nefropatie membranose (MN), le glomerulosclerosi segmentarie e focali (FSGS) e la nefropatia da IgA (IgAN), rappresentano le più frequenti patologie glomerulari primarie e sono spesso causa insufficienza renale terminale (ESRD). Senza una corretta diagnosi e la consegnuente scelta di un opportuno trattamento, la patologia presenta elevate probabilità di progredire verso uno stadio terminale, obbligando il paziente a sottoporsi a cicli di dialisi o al trapianto di rene. Ad oggi, la biopsia renale rimane la tecnica di elezione per la diagnosi delle GN idiopatiche, ma, considerando i problemi legati all’invasività di questa tecnica e la sua non perfetta capacità di garantire sempre una corretta diagnosi, biomarcatori diagnostici e prognostici, utilizzabili con tecniche meno invasive, stanno sempre di più diventando indispensabili. La spettrometria di massa MALDI-MS Imaging è una tecnologia avanzata che permette un’integrazione tra le informazioni molecolari ottenute da studi di proteomica tissutale e le caratteristiche morfologiche. La possibilità di correlare la distribuzione spaziale di una vasta gamma di analiti direttamente in situ con le informazioni istologiche rende questa tecnica uno strumento ottimale per la ricerca di nuovi biomarcatori, non solo a livello di alterazioni molecolari ma anche di variazioni nella posizione nel tessuto. Inoltre, per quanto riguarda il campo della nefrologia, il MALDI-MS Imaging permette potenzialmente di ottenere la firma proteomica dei glomeruli e dei tubuli, sia dei pazienti affetti da patologia che dei pazienti controllo. Questa tesi si focalizza sull’utilizzo del MALDI-MS Imaging per l’analisi di biopsie renali, sia di tessuti freschi/congelati che tessuti fissati in formalina ed inclusi in paraffina (FFPE), con lo scopo di identificare marker diagnostici e prognostici associabili alle più comuni forme di glomerulonefriti. In particolare, il MALDI-MS Imaging è stato applicato a campioni freschi di biopsia renale di pazienti affetti da FSGS (n = 6) e di controlli, così da ottenere la firma molecolare delle glomerulonefriti primarie. Questa tecnica ha permesso di ottenere un profilo molecolare in grado di discriminare tra tessuto renale sano e patologico, grazie a segnali specifici (m/z 4025 and 4048) caratteristici della patologia. Tra questi segnali, lo ione a m/z 4048 è stato anche identificato come α-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), localizzato in maniera specifica nei podociti dei glomeruli sclerotici. Questa proteina potrebbe essere reposnsabile dello stress dei podociti e essere quindi strettamente correlata con lo sviluppo di FSGS. Infine, utilizzando un protocollo precedentemente sviluppato e ottimizzato, biopsie renali FFPE di pazienti con glomerulopatie primarie e secondarie (n = 20) sono state analizzate con lo scopo di identificare alterazioni nel proteoma tissutale tipiche della singola patologia. In particolare il segnale a m/z 1459, identificato come Serine/threonine-protein kinase MRCK gamma, è risultato essere maggiormente intenso nei glomeruli di pazienti con MN primaria rispetto a quelli con MN secondaria. Questo approccio proteomico ha quindi permesso di ottenere una firma molecolare delle MN primarie e secondario oltre che una serie di segnali in grado di differenziare le diverse forme di MN idiopatiche. Tutti questi segnali potrebbero rappresentare target da studiare come potenziali marker proteomici in grado di stratificare ulteriormente i pazianti MN idiopatiche. Tutti i dati qui riportati dimostrano come l’utilizzo di moderne tecniche proteomiche per lo studio delle glomerulonefriti rappresenti un passaggio fondamentale nello studio di biomarcatori e del loro utilizzo in clinica sia a scopi diagnostici che prognostici.

(2017). MALDI-MSI in the study of glomerulonephritis: Possible molecular indicators of CKD progression. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).

MALDI-MSI in the study of glomerulonephritis: Possible molecular indicators of CKD progression

SMITH, ANDREW JAMES
2017

Abstract

Idiopathic glomerulonephritis (GN), such as membranous nephropathy (MN), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) represent the most frequent primary Glomerular Kidney Diseases (GKDs) worldwide and are a common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Without the correct diagnosis and, ultimately, the correct selection of therapeutic treatment, the patient has a higher probability of progressing to ESRD and requiring dialysis or transplantation. Although the renal biopsy currently remains the gold standard for the routine diagnosis of idiopathic GN, the invasiveness and difficulty of diagnoses related with this procedure means that there is a strong need for the detection of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that can be translated into less invasive diagnostic tools. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a unique proteomic technology that explores the spatial distribution of biomolecules directly in situ, thus integrating molecular and morphological information. The possibility to correlate distribution maps of multiple analyses with histological features makes it an ideal research tool to discover new diagnostic and prognostic markers. This modern proteomic technique could represent an invaluable tool in the field of nephropathology, most specifically in the study of primary glomerulonephritis (GNs), due to its potential to obtain proteomic signatures from pathological glomeruli and tubuli. The body of work enclosed in this thesis follows the application of MALDI-MSI to fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) renal biopsies in order to detect diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers associated with the most common forms of glomerulonephritis. More specifically, MALDI-MSI was applied to fresh frozen bioptic renal tissue from patients with a histological diagnosis of FSGS (n=6), IgAN, (n=6) and MN (n=7), and from controls (n=4) in order to detect specific molecular signatures of primary glomerulonephritis. MALDI-MSI was able to generate molecular signatures capable to distinguish between normal kidney and pathological GN, with specific signals (m/z 4025, 4048 and 4963) representing potential indicators of CKD development. Moreover, specific disease-related signatures (m/z 4025 and 4048 for FSGS, m/z 4963 and 5072 for IgAN) were detected. Of these signals, m/z 4048 was identified as α-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) and was shown to be localised to the podocytes within sclerotic glomeruli by immunohistochemistry and could potentially be one of the markers of podocyte stress that is correlated with the development of FSGS. Furthermore, a protocol for the analysis of FFPE renal biopsies was developed and optimised. Using this optimised protocol, MALDI-MSI was applied to renal biopsies from histologically diagnosed primary and secondary MN patients (n=20) in order to evaluate the capability of this technology to detect alterations in their tissue proteome. MALDI-MSI was able to generate molecular signatures of primary and secondary MN, with one particular signal (m/z 1459), identified as Serine/threonine-protein kinase MRCK gamma, being over-expressed in the glomeruli of primary MN patients with respect to secondary MN. Furthermore, this proteomic approach detected a number of signals that could differentiate the different forms of iMN (m/z 1094, 1116, 1381 and 1459). These signals could potentially represent future targets to be investigated as proteomic markers for the further stratification of iMN patients. The findings presented here highlight how the study of glomerular diseases using this modern proteomic technology shows vast potential and may eventually herald an era where these findings are translated for use within a clinical context, either for diagnostic or prognostic purposes.
MAGNI, FULVIO
MASS; SPECTROMETRY,; MALDI-MSI,; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS,; FFPE
MASS; SPECTROMETRY,; MALDI-MSI,; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS,; FFPE
MED/04 - PATOLOGIA GENERALE
English
20-mar-2017
MEDICINA TRASLAZIONALE E MOLECOLARE - DIMET - 76R
29
2015/2016
open
(2017). MALDI-MSI in the study of glomerulonephritis: Possible molecular indicators of CKD progression. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/153198
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