Poverty and social exclusion in European cities: Diversity and convergence at the local level

In this article five different models of postwar welfare capitalism are identified. The models were all based around “full” employment, the nuclear family and the regulatory monopoly of the nation state. He argues that as a result of economic and demographic change, the very foundations of each model are eroding. As a result certain groups not previously catered for in traditional welfare systems (particularly migrants, single parents, the young, the poorly skilled and low income nuclear families) are now facing social exclusion. The analysis has a broad European focus, but looks also at the cases of specific cities which demonstrates pressures on welfare services of a varied nature.